Definition: Cell (in biology), the smallest functional unit of an organism

Definition:
Cell (in biology), the smallest functional unit of an organism. Including prokaryotes and unicellular (bacteria) or eukaryotes (protists), a microscopic usually consist of a single cell, while the objects multicellular (metazoans) made ​​of many of cells together in specialized groups.

We can be divided into two main types of cells in terms of size and internal organization: procaryotic cells and protozoa. Among eukaryotes, plant and animal cells, however, are very close, through its infrastructure.

There are many arguments, including morphological and chemical, it was found that these cells are the origin of all living organisms, animals or plants, and derived from the same primitive cell - of life.
Characteristics:General characteristics:
Although many of their differences in appearance and function, all cells have a number of common characteristics: surrounded by a membrane (called the plasma membrane) contain rich material in the area of ​​water and cytoplasm. Plasma membrane defines the boundary between inside and outside the cell. All cells also contain the genetic information contained in DNA to form chromosomes that carry genes. DNA controls the activities of the cell and allow him to play in the treatment of its properties to its descendants, from cell division, which is the basis of heredity.
Differences:
Cell is the basic unit of all living organisms. Sometimes, a single cell is an organism that is the case of single-celled bacteria and eukaryotes (protists). All other organisms (metazoans) is composed of many cells. And usually these specialized and have different morphologies and according to their function.
Although Mjhrathaamoma (there are exceptions, such as bacteria namibiensis Thiomargartia, measuring 0.75 mm, egg Ookhlih, and with a diameter measured in centimeters) in size and shape variables. Smaller than bacteria (prokaryotes), with size typically between 0.5 and 100 microns - micron (1 micron = 1000 of a millimeter) - but some nanobacteria, does not exceed 0.2 microns. Bacteria and many different forms, and stick in spherical الحليزين, and so on. Maintained by the stomach wall surrounding the plasma membrane. Some whip wear longer than 20 micrometers on average.
Plant cells as a particular form (usually rectangular or polygonal), granted by a wall of cellulose. And have a size between 20 and 30 micrometers on average. Fungal cells are similar, but surrounded by a wall of cellulose, but chitin. Animal cells are not static: surrounded by the plasma membrane by any wall. Maintain the overall shape of the fiber cytoskeletal (contractile protein network reflect the cytoplasm), and also their movements as possible. The size is usually between 10 and 20 microns.

Cell bodies of different types of cells and thus usually smaller than 30 microns. However, some cells may be a very long extension of the cytoplasm. Thus, the hair roots of plants, and can each of which represents a continuation of the cell, to several centimeters long. In animals, axons, and the extension of nerve cells (neurons), can be up to several meters (a giraffe, a whale ...).

Compared with eukaryotic cells, and prokaryotic cells have a very simple structure. It does not contain organelles, and all biochemical reactions carried out by elements (enzymes, ribosomes, and protein) in solution in the cytoplasm. Similarly, the genetic material is free in the cytoplasm to form a chromosome, and the circular one. A lot of germs, but, as a small additional tracks of DNA, and also circular, called plasmids.
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
In eukaryotes the contrary, and genetic material, and consist of several chromosomes stick, and enclosed in a structure called the nucleus, which is surrounded by a double membrane, the nuclear membrane. This fundamental difference has been building eukaryotic words, "a real nucleus" and procaryotic "by the nucleus." Moreover, and eukaryotic cells contain membrane surfaces large: is fragmented all cellular functions into force and carried out by specialized structures, each surrounded by a membrane, organelles.

Plant and animal cells and fungal cells:
Plant cells, fungi and animals eukaryotes and very close in structure. Differences lie mainly in the lining that surrounds (or not) the plasma membrane and the presence or absence of chloroplasts. The plant cell is surrounded by a wall and rigid cellulose molecule (which does not exist), and contains, in addition to all the organelles common to other eukaryotes, chloroplasts capable of photosynthesis. Moreover, the cytoplasm largely occupied a large cavity. These cells are surrounded fungal strict wall of chitin (a protein found in insects, for example) and other characteristics are those of animal cells. This, without a wall, and chloroplasts. In small gaps and scattered in the cytoplasm.

Identify stem cells

Identify stem cells




Indicators of cell factors play an important role in the development of the body of one egg in guiding the many types of body cells, including stem cells that could serve adult tissues, a tine living body that sculpts the body and rebuild.Stem cells specialized cells and incomplete division does not resemble any specialized cell. But able to configure an adult cell after being divided into several divisions, in appropriate circumstances, and the importance of these cells come from being able to configure any type of specialized cells to grow and develop into the desired cells.Thus, stem cells in turn depends on the so-called «embryonic Age» for the body. There are stem cells that generate the ability to make anything. Then there are the stem cells 'overall ability' that you can make more types of tissue, then there are adult stem cells that proliferate to create a special body tissue, such as the liver, bone marrow or skin .. Etc.. Thus, with each step toward adulthood, the successes achieved by the stem cells are narrower, meaning they lead to specialization. In adulthood, do not generate liver cells but other liver cells, skin cells generate other skin cells. However, the signs of recent research suggests that it can manipulate adult cells to return back and enable them to produce various tissues, such as the conversion of bone cells to produce muscle tissue. The embryonic stem cells are found on two forms:First: embryonic stem cells: are obtained embryonic stem cells embryonic stem cells)) pluripotent stem cells from the inner part of the Blastosaat (blastocyte) (which is one of the stages divisions fertilized egg sperm, where the egg is when pollinate sperm cell and one able to configure man full of various members, described as whole cell efficiency (totipotent) divided later this cell several divisions to give the stage known Balblastosaat (blastocyte) consists Albulastolh of an outer layer of cells responsible for the formation placenta and tissues supporting other needed by the fetus during the configuration process in the womb , while the internal cells God creates body tissue different organism). But this can not the Jenin full configuration because it is able to form the placenta and other supporting tissues needed by the fetus during the configuration process, despite the ability of these cells to form any other type of cell within the body. Subject after stem cells for more specialization to make stem cells responsible for the formation of cells with specific functions.
There are stem cells in the tissue already and singled Kalazam and blood etc. ...There are kids and Albagheian alike. These cells are important for the supply of tissue cells that die as a natural result of end-of-life specified in the fabric. Not so far discovered all adult stem cells in all types of tissue. But there are some problems faced by scientists in the use of adult stem cells, and these problems exist in small quantities, which makes it difficult to isolate and its technology, and the number has less robot with age. Moreover, these cells do not have the same ability to reproduce in embryonic stem cells, they may contain some defects as a result of exposure to some psychotropic Calcmom.

The Chromosomes les chromosomes

Cytogenetics is a branch of modern biological sciences, and is specialized in studying the relationships between scientific cell and genetics, which promise intertwined to a large extent because the chromosomes, and is one of the basic components of the cell, is carrying genetic factors, and any changes in the chromosomes reflected on the genetic characteristics of the resulting offspring.
Chromosomes The Chromosomes les chromosomes
Use of the term "" chromosome "" for the first time by Aldier in 1888 to denote some components of the nuclei, and whether these components or objects previously discovered Forty years ago by Leicester Hoffma.And can definition Akarmusum as the properties of nuclear installation, features and functions are limited. And chromosome also features the ability to self-reproduction with retain morphological بخواصه and physiological passes through a phases successive cellular division.And chromosomes are the main tools to carry and transfer genetic factors or genes Genes, and then received with great interest considering the key role they play in genetics and reproduction, contrast, and mutations .... And otherNot see clearly only chromosomes during cell division, and the number differs in different organisms, but fixed for each type of organisms, and less number organisms in Kromusumadtha is a worm Oscars Mijalosevala, which has only two Kromusuman in every cell of the cells, Panama There are types up the number of chromosomes to nearly 300 chromosome in each cell, as in some primitives,And no chromosomes in the cell pairs, in groups double Diploid Sets, and double issue of the chromosomes Diploid Number in humans, for example is 46 chromosomes, and this means that each somatic cell of the cells the human body contains on 46 chromosomes called بالكروموسومات physical Somatic Chromosomes, and referred

Groups and be completely identical Alferditan, meaning that each chromosome in one of the two groups matched by an equal chromosome him completely from all the faces in the other group, and two known Alkromusuman Alemtemathlan Homologous Chromomsomes.And occurs during split some cells to form gametes that separated each كروموسومين identical for each other, will move one to a Almhijin Almtkonin, and moves gametophyte other to gamete last, and this means that each gamete (whether Heona Mnuya or egg) contains a set Individual oneOf chromosomes known بالكروموسومات Almhijih Gametic Chromosomes, and the 23 chromosome in the human condition, and during the process of fertilization, which is then between the sperm and the egg, merge two groups Alferditan of chromosomes to them together in a single cell is a fertilized egg or zygote which becomes containing number double of chromosomes. And growing zygote to embryo Each cell of the cells to a similar double set of chromosomes and are 46 chromosomes in the human condition, and thus half the group double in the cells of any individual is mainly attributed to the father and the other half to the mother, and you know the first group بالكروموسومات Parental Paternal Chromosomes, and that was in the sperm, and other known بالكروموسومات Umayyad Maternal Chromosomes, and that was in the egg before fertilization.


Chromosome size relatively constant for any kind of living species and is an important element to distinguish between different types of chromosomes, and chromosome length ranges from 0.2 - 50 microns, and a diameter of between 0.2 - 2 microns, and in the particular case of the human ranges between 4-6 microns long .And the best stage to examine and study the chromosomes is the stage of the division known as phase tropical, at this stage appears chromosome in the form of cylindrical body by a number of bottlenecks most important bottleneck primary Primary Constriction known as the centromere or Centerpiece Centromere and is the blisters of the chromosome by Habiba or globule small, and are particularly important in the movement of chromosomes.In addition to the bottleneck there are some bottlenecks secondary Secondary Constrictions is a distinctive number of different chromosomes.There also part chromosome another aftershock known important Satellite, which may be round or rectangular, and is located at one end of the chromosome and linked him to the rest of chromosomes string chromatic thin. And taken the dimensions of the mind when the distinction between different chromosomes.
And there are three main types of chromosomes are: -
1. Centromere chromosome ends Acrocentric ChromosomeAnd it seems straight Kaasah, there centromere near one end, and thus seen as his one arm.
2. Uneven chromosome arms Submrtacentric ChromosomeThis seems an L-shaped armchair is of equal length, and there centromere at the point they met.
3. Equal chromosome arms Metacentric ChromosomeThis seems a V-shaped and has two arms are equal, and there centromere at the point they met.
And the chromosomes in a cell of two types, chromosomes Self Autosomes and chromosomes nationality Sex Chromosomes, and there is usually Kromusuman Jncian only in each cell, and may be identical and referred to the symbol XX, or non-identical XY, or may miss one and referred to this case the symbol XO.
And does not appear Barr body Barr Body only in cells that contain كروموسومين XX, in the human does not appear the bar in Alkhlayal body containing one X as in normal male, but males who suffer from XXY Klinfeltr This body appears in their cells. , And females suffering from Turner X Barr body does not appear in the cells., While females anomalous XXX appears in their cells two bodies bar.
WHDH picture of the chromosome





Shortages in the normal number of chromosomes or an increase in the number of lead to diseases or abnormalities

Know in the cell divisions

Start now to review the first meiosis:A) prophase I Prophase:This mode is similar to its counterpart in the division indirect but stay longer and characterized into several stages, including: -Phase 1 Alqladah: LeptoteneThis stage begins nucleus and intensify inflation chromosomal material and the start of the central body composition very short strings radialThen look chromosomes Kckheot extremely long and thin organized swellings of various sizes, thereby Fathbh allChromosome form necklace studded BalhbatPhase 2 duplication ZygotenShorten chromosomes and increases the intensity and approaching each problem in pairs فيلتقي all identical كروموسومينWith each other and begin the process of double points between Alkromusuman and quickly extends to other areas,Note that a Alkromusuman from the father and one from the mother at all, this process is called bilateral double بالكروموسومات.3 Phase macrophages (Alngz) PachyteneContinue chromosomes minors and Alngz and rally around each other and show each chromosome is composed of linked Kromatid yenThe central area Centromere and each pair or a pair contains four Kromatidat and called the Quartet,Then begin the process of whirling and genuine interdependence between Kromatidin in the group and does not relate to or wrap more than two with each other.4 Phase Alanfrajah (Altdhaafeeh) DiploteneChromosomes begin to move away a little from each, Vtnfsal except areas which gets docking between KromatidThe first and last chromosome of the second chromosome transforms the second shape to form تصالبي if contact one districtOnly to form loop if contact Bmntqtin or if contact several regions.Every point of contact between Kromatidin called decussation Chiasma contact zones between Kromatidat opposite كروموسومينParticularly important in the transition and the diversity of genetic makeup as exchange parts of the sites second Alkromatid, this process is called "transit".5 stage Altnavria Owaltstatah DikanesDisharmony continues and disappears cruciate shape at this stage and keep bilateral chromosomes close togetherAnd disappear nucleolus and nucleus membrane disappear begins moving pairs of chromosomes to Planer cell areaThe filaments are organized spindle extending from the poles of the cell.B metaphase I MetaphaseLiberated chromosomes within the nucleus and be completed yarn spindle formation and lined with pairs of identical chromosomesIn the equatorial level of the cell, and each pair consists in this case of two chromosomes identical or four half-chromosomal (4 Kromatidat),Every half symmetric chromosome linked by centromere. Only natural that the number of pairs of identical chromosomes equal to half the number of chromosomes in the cell.C anaphase I AnaphaseAt this stage takes each chromosome Alkromusuman alleles in separation than other shrink yarn spindleThus turning a Alkromusuman to one pole of the cell and the second to the other pole and bringing at each pole of the polar cell halfThe number of chromosomes in cell origin (each chromosome component of Kromatidin).D telophase I TelophaseIn this phase at each pole consists of polar cell membrane surrounds nuclear chromosomes so composed Nouattan BnuetanEach containing half the number of chromosomes in the original cell then At_khasr cytoplasm until they are configuredTwo separate cells (each chromosome contains Kromatidin).Meiosis II:A complete split cells Alnatjtin of meiosis I to two new cells in a way thatSimilar to what is happening in that division indirect according to the following phases:A) prophase II rophaseB) metaphase II MetaphaseC) anaphase II AnaphaseD) the final phase of the second TelophaseA second prophase:Central body is divided into each cell to two tend to the poles of the cell where clues configuration starts spindle and the wall disappearsNucleus chromosomes show is made up of chromosomes each one consisting of a pair of chromatidLinked each Psontromer and oneB metaphase II:Tstafkhalalha chromosomes on the equatorial line of the cellC anaphase II:Centromere splits which connects Kromatidi each chromosome to each other, and thus inseparableAlkromatidan and moving away in the direction of the electrodes.D telophase II:Gather a group of chromatid (now a stand-alone chromosomes) at one pole of the cell,Then mutant تستطيل to high-twisted yarn, and composed around the nuclear membrane, and thus consisting Khalatan containing NouattanEach contain half of the genetic and the result is four cells each containing halfChromosomes in the mother cell.Ohmahalanksam reductionist:1 consists of the final output of the four respective cells genetic half dubbed the gametes (sperm, eggs).If gametophyte united with the female gametophyte produces a zygote which contains the original number of genetic traits which results in himEmbryo thus keep a fixed number of chromosomes.2 exchange genetic traits between chromosomes fixed system and connective stage of prophase I soTransmitted recipe somewhere other recipe like this process is called cross.3 recipes appear prevalent and recessive traits.












Here's division steps photographerTable of the main differences between indirect division (METOSIS)

And meiosis (MEIOSIS)

Split direct ................................................ .. .. Meiosis

Leads Elytkoan two cells are alike and Seeing ......... Leads to the formation of four cells is genetically similar.One Atdmannanksama. ...................................... Includes Anksamin consecutive ........................Not lead to halving the number of chromosomes .............. Lead to halving the number of chromosomes. ........Occurs in all members of the organism ..................... Occurs only in genital ..................Prophase relatively short Aanksm ................... Prophase long and passes through multiple stages.Aanksm to multiple stages ............................................ .............................................There is no transit operation are also not genetic ............. Characterized by the presence of the transit process and the emergence of genetic ........Pelletizing intersection points ......................................... Intersection points ........................................... ...... Centromere splits in metaphase ............. Centromere splits in the first metaphase.Takes to happen since the formation of the zygote .................. Takes to occur after puberty only in higher organismsAnd continues throughout the life of the object ............................................ .................................................. ......

Definition body Alkhlayae and one by one

Definition body Alkhlayae and one by one
Cells differ in terms of their shape and their structure depending on their locations in the body, vital functions and form in different ways, some in the shape of a constant, such as sperm cells and egg cells and nerve cell. And others various forms, such as blood cells and cells vary in size ranging scale of human cells in between 200 and 1500 microns (a micron = 0.001 of a millimeter).Characterized bloc Albrootoplazmih of the cell into two presidents, part of the nucleus called Alnyukljublazemh Nucleoplasm, and the other surrounds the nucleus is called Alsitoblazma Cytoplasm, and surrounded by the nucleus membrane thinning, is the nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane surrounded the entire cell membrane last called cell membrane Plasmalemma or cell membrane. And contain Alsitoblazma several structures alive cytoplasmic organelles called organelles Cytoplasmic also contains several non-living materials called Almitablazma or Aldeutoblazma Metaplasm or deutoplasm living organelles mitochondria and Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts.The Almitablazma include starch and glycogen granules fatty and oily droplets and some other materials Kabbgaat and secretory materials and products and other directorial.
Cell membrane Cell Membrane

Each cell is surrounded by a membrane is very thin, is composed of some fats and proteins and therefore it whenever materials more soluble in fat whenever prevalence faster through cell membranes showed Bedalmshahdat a layer protein in the cell membrane are extensions of the fibrous Mngzh of cell membranes contiguous.

The cell membrane Bdorosassa in organizing the passage of dissolved substances between the cell and the surrounding medium, and called on this property generally permeability Permeability and permeability of the cell is particularly important, they are the means by which to regulate the entry of certain materials are of fundamental importance in the construction of living material of the cell. As well as the cell membrane to organize exit outputs damaged materials secretory, as well as excess water need for cell based permeability cell physiological state of the cell, and the degree of concentration of salts in the surrounding medium cell, temperature and play permeability cell membrane plays an important role in controlling exit outputs of the activities metabolism of various cell.And influenced by the cell membrane are clearly certain factors cause degradation and disintegration, such as antibodies and heavy metals, and X-rays and fat solvents.



Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes


Floor of the cell contains a micro-cavities branching surrounded with thin membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum This network was discovered by electron microscope and they exist in all types of cells with nuclei.

It consists always of a group of cavities surrounded Bogshehriqikh which relates to each other to be connected network inside the cell called the cavity Tanker, a tubular or irregular, but they usually appear as a group cavities separate circular or oval or extended in preparations electron microscope and these cavities which seem separate from each other be Andoblazmih network connected inside the cell.

 

 

There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum:


1 - the endoplasmic reticulum coarse or favorite Granular rough endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by this kind of a large number of fine particles on the surface of the outside of the network these granules rich acid Alrebonyuklak proteins and Rabyoussomat ribosomes represent Rabyoussomat sites synthesis Albrocnaat in the cell, and therefore is available in abundance in cells that characterized its activity in the construction of proteins , such as the liver and pancreas cells.
This type retreat of ribosomes, and limited presence on a few types of cells such as epithelial pigment cells of the retina and voluntary muscle cells, and it seems that the network play a sensory role in such cells.





Consists membranes network Alandoblamih of materials Dhenh and proteinuria united with each other in so-called vehicle Allibobrotinah and play network Alandoblamih, especially type particleboard, a role in the synthesis of proteins and the formation of secretions in the cell, and there is a function other potential network reticulum, which is that Tjaoifaa may work corridors punctuated transfer different material between the various cytoplasmic parts, and to the outside of the cell nucleus, or from outside the cell to the cytoplasmic, or even the kernel directly.


Rabyoussomat Ribosomes

Rabyoussomat a small granules spherical exist either on the membranes endoplasmic reticulum or hanging free in the cytoplasm and is composed of about 60% Ribosomal RNA and 40% protein and Rabyoussomat linked to a specific type of RNA, a RNA (messenger TRNA) Transfer RNA and the Messanger RNA) carrier MRNA) consists in the cell nucleus as a result of the genetic code Gentic Code where the transfer of the necessary information for protein synthesis where transferred MRNA genetic information necessary for the construction of two types of proteins are protein functional protein synthetic In the cytoplasm there are many ribosomes which are linked Npsph of MRNA and be installed called Ploysome / Polyribosome The MRNA The ribosome caller synthesized protein, even if this protein planned to be inside the installation Allizosumaat or cell wall or hormones or enzymes digestive in this case relate to the Protein Complex-Ribosome MRNA network rer coarse RER turns protein then to Cistema either if this protein for use inside cells, such as proteins Gytoskeleton orcytoplasmic enzymes remains Polysome free in this case in the cytoplasm.


Golgi apparatus Golgi Apparatus


This structure was discovered cellular world Camilo Golgi Camillo Golgi in 1898 in the neurons of the cat and some birds. It reticular body has substantial potential for deposition of silver nitrate and the fourth Osmium oxide and this installation is located in many types of animal cells and dubbed Golgi network Golgi network or the Golgi apparatus Golgi Apparatus.There Golgi apparatus in different types of cells Alfaqaria T. exception of germ cells in the form of a network installation. The germ cells and all the cells of invertebrates, plant cells it facing the Golgi apparatus in the form of curved objects called Acanutyoussomat Dictyosomes.Golgi apparatus into a special distinctive in different types of cells and different appearance of the Golgi apparatus markedly depending on the animal physiology.It seems the Golgi apparatus in electron microscope images composed of three parts:(A) The number of limited thin-walled sacs.(B) a number of large cavities closed the round with thin membranes.(C) a small group of micro-cavities.

 

 

The Golgi apparatus play an important role in the formation of secretory materials, such as raw materials that make up the enzymes and know Balzamujan, bile secretion and mucous materials and Heromunat and vitamin c.He spoke in the Golgi apparatus certain changes under the influence of some medical conditions, influenced by the Golgi apparatus clearly affected many of the chemicals, such as pesticides, morphine and phosphorus, as well as influenced by vitamin B deficiency.



Mitochondria Mitochondria

Mitochondria organelles Mobiles neighborhood found in all types of objects and no mitochondria in different cells in the form of granules minutes or disobeyed short or yarns and ranges in length between 0.5, 1 micron and length species filamentous them to 10-12 microns may exist in the cell type or more of these formats.

And a fixed number of mitochondria for one type of 500,000 Matokondreon cells in amoeba abound Mitochondrial generally in the more specialized cells, such as liver cells, kidney cells, there Mitochondrial in most cases regular homogeneous distributed in Alsitoblazma.Mitochondrial appear in pictures Almikruscon mail in the form of bags surrounded respective Gchaouan outside Riqiqan The level procedure Vmtarj.

It consists Mitochondrial mainly of fat and protein as well as some other organic materials, minerals and vitamins is also Mitochondrial main warehouse enzymes for respiratory in the cell and called Mitochondrial sometimes batteries enzymatic "and called on Mitochondrial also the name of" power generators "in cells and because a lot of chemical reactions, which include oxidation food and energy recovery are inside Mitochondrial enzymes influence in them.





Mitochondrial linked closely the metabolic activity of the cells with respect to fat metabolism and amino acids and are also responsible for the formation of a sheath in sperm tail.Mitochondrial affected clearly a lot of cases of disease that occur in the organism Among the factors that affect the Mitochondrial cyanide, phosphorus and pesticides and X-rays.

 

 

Allisusumat Lysosomes

These particles are in most animal cells and to a lesser extent in plant cells and appear Allizosumaat under the light microscope in the form of small vesicles smaller than the Mitochondrial and illustrated by electron microscope Kakias small surrounds respective thin membrane. And composed of materials complex Abobrotinah, and everyone are a number of important digestive enzymes.And refers to Asusum to the abundance of digestive enzymes in these particles, also points out that these enzymes are spread in the cytoplasm of the cell in case of rupture of the membranes surrounding Ballisusumat, and when that happens, these enzymes destroy all the components of the cell, causing cell lysis whole therefore called on Allisusumat Sometimes the name of the sinuses suicide.And Allisusumat play an important role for many cellular educational activities, such as digestion inside the cell and the metabolism of carbohydrates and other well The Allisusumat plays an important role in getting rid of some of the contents of the cells and tissues in certain circumstances.

The affected Allisusumat many factors physiological and pathological where fewer than clearly in animal cells hungry and animal elderly and cause X-rays sometimes in tearing membranes Allisusumat and starting enzymes in cytoplasmic also found that pesticides have a clear impact on Allisusumat very clearly.



Vacuoles gaps


Containing cells especially structural ones, on the specific gaps filled with liquid material. Similar gaps exist also in primitives such as Almnaqbdh gaps Contractile Vacuoles that play an important role in the process of osmotic regulation



Alsntrusom (central body) Centrosome

Small cytokine installation located close to the nucleus and there in the vast majority of animal cells except those cells, which has lost its capacity to divide and multiply like adult nerve cells.Shows Alsntrusom in the form of a small body based surrounded by the blisters called central region minute Microcentrum, followed abroad densely called ball central Centrosphere arising from radiation stellar Astral Rays or Astrosphere at the beginning of cell division, and has Alsntrusom in each cell on Habibtin centralized Centrioles.Electron Microscopy shows each granule centralized in the form of cylindrical body small outer wall has a number of sticks or Alonibiat minute regular in nine groups, each group consisting of normally three Onibiat and This Alonibiat extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body.

Play a central grained an important role in the process of cell division, where stray Alhabibtan Antrzian from each other and moving to opposite poles of the cell poles, but they remain the interconnected by minute you know a thread yarn spindle Spindle Fibers chromosomes are organized.The central granules also closely related to the movement of cilia in cells and organisms ciliary They also contribute in the formation of sperm tails.

 

 

Descendant objects Nissl Bodies

Are structures Sitoblazmih characteristic of neurons exist in the form of small granules or sheets of different shapes and sizes scattered across Alsitoblazma In appendages dendritic these cells consist objects offspring of protein and acid ribose nuclear addition to traces of iron and thought that these objects are Pachtzan amounts of oxygen or energy until needed.

Myofibrellar Fibrils


There are some specialized cells mutated in a certain way so that the fibrous strings like nerve Myofibrellar that appear in neurons and myofibrils in muscle cells. For these Myofibrellar close relationship nerve cell activities, especially with regard to the transfer of sensory and neurological effects.

Myofibrils:

Is responsible for the contraction of muscle cells and appear homogeneous myofibrils in visceral muscle cells (involuntary) but in skeletal muscle cells (voluntary) characterized to Amadih areas and dark areas and then also know these muscles muscle planned.



Nucleus Kernel

Body small nucleus in the vast majority of animal and plant cells and the presence of a basic nucleus of the life of the cell because the cell is heavily dependent on the performance of its functions on the exchange of different materials between the nucleus and Alsitoblazma.

And pass the nucleus during her two consecutive phases: phase interfaces or transitional (formerly known static phase error) and stage division.And linked to form the nucleus usually cell if the cell is equal diameters or dimensions (spherical, cubic, or several ribs, for example) were almost round أنويتها be oval-shaped nucleus in cylindrical or prismatic or spindle shape and look filamentous cell nucleus flatfish.Different nuclei in sizes markedly in different types of cells and the vast majority of cells are mononuclear, although there were cells with nuclei, as in some liver cells and chondrocytes and certain types of nerve cells as there are cells many nuclei such as some bone marrow cells.The position of the nucleus in different cells but often occupies a distinctive place in each type of In embryonic cells nucleus are usually located in the center of the cell.

 

The nucleus is composed of the following main parts:


An installation specific cytokine surrounds the nucleus has a distinctive chemical nature and controls this membrane in the process of the exchange of different materials between the nucleus and Alsitoblazma.


And it is colorless liquid filled into the nucleus where some nuclear structures.


3 - nuclei Nucleoli:

It almost spherical objects with relatively large sizes may contain the nucleus and nucleolus one or more.4 - objects Alkromatinah Chromatin or Chromocentres:


Look these objects in the form of finely divided or large Kajsam They represent certain parts of the chromosomes.


Barr body Barr body:

It Abarhan small chromatic body in the nuclei of neurons for female cats, and not in males have been seen such objects later in the nuclei of cells of different female animals which is found most often in the form of a small grain of Adas adjacent to the membrane of the nucleus. This is known as the body now called Barr body, and is used as a tool to distinguish between male cells and female.


This can be by the body to identify the sex of the fetus in the mother before the birth stage, because the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus in the mother's abdomen floats many epithelial cells Altytnfsal from the skin of the fetus during its growth. The point can be obtained from this fluid from the mother through a small hole in the abdominal Tjoifaa or cervical screening of cells.

 

 

 

 

 

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