And they see-not yourselves to d
Dr. Mansour al-aboshriah
Jordan University of science and technology
Very easy to homo sapiens but denies however the level of instruction to ascertain that the human hand is essential and that it was designed by the maker of an almighty God and that only by knowing the wonderful functions of these hand-especially when compared with the hands the rest of the animals. But this certainty must grow exponentially in humans the learner can understand composition and ways in which to perform its functions.
It is known for manufacturing equipment and the first steps of industrialization is to determine the function or functions of the device, and then to develop optimal design which will, on the basis of this machine after specifying the conditions and restrictions on specifications such as size, cost, and the amount of energy consumed and operating life, exterior and other
Lot.
Form compares the human hand and some by animals
And the reader will find in this article that the human hand is a miracle of miracles of the Almighty Creator and not be in such a short article to show all the faces of a miracle and I am sure that several volumes are not sufficient to explain the details of the installation if the hand written by specialists in their respective fields of specialization. It's shklalid just sit back this form is the best and most beautiful who teaches her bones in installation forms and dimensions and materials find creative design that no one can modify it and studying its joints and linking and its muscles and installed and its skin and its sensory receptors and nerve and her veins and by extension methods.
Or who are studying ways in which the movement of the brain centers to control the hand they are incapable of understanding the secrets stored programs and responsible for each movement of the hand movements. And scientists of different specialties medical and engineering are working hard to uncover the secrets of installing hand not to thank the Almighty but designed to manufacture the hands in the same capacity for equipment factories werobotathm (robots).
And it is easy for a reader with an online presence should ensure himself of the vast amount of research and scientific studies conducted by scientists and engineers on this alidalbshret to uncover the secrets of their work. And we will first explain the functions and capabilities of the human hand and then do a simple explanation for the installation of components and mechanisms you use to do the complex functions.
I have been designing the different parts of the hand so that it can carry out many functions, complex and end in variation so almost impossible to combine them into one device.
The first and most important capabilities of the hand is the access to any position on the surface of the human body such as access to the mouth to allow it to eat his food and drink his drink and access to the rest of the members for being rubbed or washed or treated.
Man is the only one that God Almighty that captures his food with his mouth directly as do other animals and glorified vine that enabled him to wash the entire body of water to rid him of the dirt out of them or it is from abroad. And the hand can also pull and push objects and carry them on his back or shoulder or head.
It is also capable of throwing objects such as stones, for example long distances to catch animals and birds or to defend himself when he was threatened by predators or enemies of the people. It is able to grasp and pick up various objects ranging in size from grains of sand and plant seeds to break rocks and tree trunks.
I have provided the Almighty skin sensory receptor finger headers of different types and high density of human knowledge enables the various properties of the things that stuck out in terms of rigidity and elasticity and roughness and smoothness and dryness, humidity, heat and cold and weight and lightness.
These human has been used skillfully to prepare and eat his food and sewing and dressed and wash all parts of his body and making the necessary tools and equipment to cultivate the land and build housing, manufacturing and other necessities of life. Either uses the high hand dexterity is writing and painting and sculpture where the hand can grasp a pen in a certain position and move the head in different directions with high accuracy in order to be able to write letters and words and different types of graphics and Almighty "read in the name of your Lord who created (1) created man of suspended (2) read and noble Lord (3) who taught by the pen (4) anthropology did not know", pen 1-5.
The design of the hand that are all these complex functions, if it was given to humans, several different design and complex will install alidomn and then choose the best design which often will not be optimized for lack of knowledge and the capacity of human beings. In these designs must specify the length of the hand and the number of joints and the direction of their movements, dimensions and forms of its bones, as well as the number of places and the muscles that move the bones as well as the Palm of the hand and fingers and the length and direction of their movements and other details.
The simplest way to prove that the human hand has designed by God to the fullest is the demand of the scientists involved in this area to propose any amendment to the components to be better as the change in length or the lengths of her bones or increase or decrease the number of joints, increase or decrease the number of fingers or increase or decrease the finger lengths, etc.
We as Muslims believe that no one can however learn to find one flaw in the design of these amazing hand or any creature of the creatures of Allah (SWT) for saying the Almighty "who created the seven heavens of the antithesis of what you see in creating Rahman disparity return sight can you see from breakfast (3) and return sight to you sight low recoil cretin is hasir (4) blessed.
The most important characteristic of human hand is the number of joints and their trends, the number of joints between shoulder and finger tips is six joints except in thumb where there are five articulations between the tip and the tip of the shoulder and the hand is seventeen. Each joint of this special combination joints allowing movement in specific directions and angles. It allows the shoulder joint move weakened hand in two-colored with large angles may arrive to 180 degrees, making it able to reach anywhere on the body. Either the elbow joint allows movement of the forearm in one plane along the upper arm can bend it in the direction of the upper arm at an angle of up to 145 degrees in addition to rotated at an angle of up to
180 ° which helps the heart of Palm from the direction to the opposite direction.
Either a wrist allows movement in two hand-colored so you can move the stop turn right and northward at an angle of 50 degrees up and down at an angle of 120 degrees. The most important amendment is made on the Palm of the hand so that it is able to do various tasks through which human can exploit many bounties of this earth. And if the human hand remained on the body it is by other animals to enable the manufacture of anything whatever capacity his mind.
The Palm of the hand is a machine that implements the ideas generated by the mind what can do his human mind donkey in the absence of such hand?! KAV alidalbshret characterized by its size enabling it to hold larger objects. The number of fingers five fingers with three to four joints and detailed to the thumb and four were placed on one level while the fifth finger and thumb is positioned when facing the rest of the fingers.
And the four adjacent fingers can move one level by bending each of three slamiatha at an angle up to 90 degrees which can be hands-off catch things very easy. You can also remove these four fingers or individual from each increasing the surface area and enable it to handle large objects. Either thumb is considered to be the greatest player in determining the skills of hand without it becoming a human hand similar to monkeys in their hands. And features a thumb to the rest of the fingers that theme vis rest of fingers so that it can contact with any part of the fingers, either from the inside or from the outside. Unlike the four fingers moving Combs, comb the thumb moves detailed unit wrist in two two-colored. The first level is the level of the stop so that the thumb to be in parallel with the four fingers or departs from it at an angle up to 90 degrees. The second level is vertical at the end where a right angle with the thumb.
Although his thumb slamitan unlike other fingers have three phalanges of the traffic control these alslamitan more precise control over the rest of the Terminal phalanges. The human hand consists of three main parts, the upper arm, forearm and Palm where the humerus length, when men and women 32 cm 27 cm length forearm when men and women 29 cm 25 cm and length stop when men and women 19 cm 17 cm.
The humerus consists of one bone called the humerus bone of the forearm bones while labeled RADIUS and ulna end with detailed consists of twenty-seven wrist bone. Usually the scientists located the clavicle and scapula bones the hand because the muscles driving the arm installed.
The form shows the bones of the hand with the wrist
And each bone has been designed from these bones in a thoroughgoing in terms of its dimensions and the shape of the surfaces to be install different muscle types. These bones are connected with each other by seventeen detailed different types allow the movement of these bones either one-way or two-way or three directions or Durrani.
Hand bones are moving around its joints through a large number of muscles are installed on these bones and shape layers because of the clutter. And these muscles are controlled by using nerves from brain traffic centers or through contract.
And feeding of hand bones and muscles through arteries and veins and checked its tracks as well as nerve paths nicely between the muscles and joints to ensure no damage or parts during different transactions by hand or from abroad.
Although each component of the hand of the deficits in the design but the deficits reflected in its design in terms of several considerations. The first consideration is the
Choose the appropriate detailed for each type of transaction to be made in the right place if you leave it to chance to design such as the to hand to put the joints of misplaced as the hand moved in this way.
The second choice is a special type of bone when knuckle bore friction between bones and absurd that anyone sane believes that Serendipity often disregarded to eat bones joints.
Other considerations and how they were linked to the bone when detailed how the lubrication of joints to protect it from corrosion and the ways in which the muscle was installed on the bone to move in different directions.
And using the hand as well as the rest of the bones of the body six different types of joints and is found in the shoulder and elbow joints, wrist and fingers. We begin with the shoulder joint which connects the humerus bone to bone and scapula is called the detailed type of real football (Ball and socket joint) and this type of joints allow for movement of the upper arm bone in all directions with the possibility of recycling than the person can move the arm back and forth and up and down, as we explained earlier.
If you are choosing this type of detail at this place as the hand movement in this area. Either the elbow it consists of detailed first type named Al hinge (Hinge joint) and it connects the humerus with the ulna bone and allow for movement of the forearm in only one level where d is the forearm or upper arm to fold.
As detailed in the elbow is a hinge named type orbital (Pivot joint) it allows for movement of the RADIUS bone in Durrani on ulna that Palm can rotate 180 degrees.
Either a wrist is one of the most complex joints synthesis and is linked with the bones of the forearm blades Combs of the five fingers is kind of sliding (gliding joint) consists of eight small tidy Majesties in two rows and move the Palm of the hand in two-colored and move the thumb in two-colored as well.
As the joints of the fingers are of two types the first type is called the hinge Saddle (saddle joints) and the second is called the joint allkomi (condyloid joints) they allow the movement of the fingers on one level as the lap and tide with possibility of individual fingers.
Bone surfaces touching the covers when the joints (Articular Cartilage) cartilage is called cartilage (Hyaline Cartilage), a semi-transparent white tends to gloss and Stilton.
For these fantastic properties cartilage not only designer not limit his knowledge and his ability he has designed for many requirements to functions.
The very first surface smoothness or the grader was unable to manufacture human beings as objects of the grader, but in modern times, this property is to allow the movement of bones on top of each other with the least possible friction.
The second property is either it's high flexibility which it is compressible, so the repeated shock of wrist. The third property is either extremely durability although it a thin layer does not exceed several millimeters and therefore bear the high mechanical pressure for decades without ruptures. Either the fourth property is that it is devoid of arteries and nerves and cells is fed from the surrounding fluid through diffusion.
And the kindness of Allaah and the rest of his creatures to the cartilaginous layer can reform itself if the damage as a result of the continued use of the hand over the life of the human.
And these amazing specs of cartilage using complex structures in terms of the type of materials used and methods of composition consisting of several layers of complex networks of different fibres which mainly Collagen fibers.
The cartilage surface smoothness, however cannot completely prevent friction and therefore have created God way complementary to reduce friction and are using liquid lubrication of cartilage surfaces called worshipper or synovial fluid (Synovial fluid).
This liquid layer very tenderness on the surface of cartilage not exceeding 50 mikromitr besides lubricates food and oxygen to the cartilage which is as mentioned above of the arteries.
To preserve this precious liquid is enclosed the whole detailed strong white fibers sealed to be so-called portfolio or capsule (joint capsule).
And line the fibers wallet worshipper membrane (Synovial membrane) which consists of secretory cells secrete serous fluid Talaeea which covers all parts of bone on the inside of the wallet.
The Clipboard along with the maintaining liquid prayer link detailed some bones to ligaments and muscles to ensure strong joints and prevent takes them off.
, There are also small bags called Clipboard Exchange acts as an insulator to prevent friction between bones or with links or tendon or skin. Creativity is reflected in the design of the hand in the methods used to bind bones joints together in the absence of screws and nuts used by humans to connect moving parts in their machines and equipment.
There are three levels of connectivity in the joints first fibre wallet where you install full perimeter fiber parties both superpowers components of the joint.
The second level is using the laces fibre (fibrous ligaments) are separate packages of fibrous tissue to prove their greatness on the joint outside of wallet.
Ligament fibers vary the wallet is placed in specific places on the detailed and very carefully calculated lengths where these ligaments bind together to define joint mobility in different directions.
These ligaments do not allow for detailed bone movement only in specific directions as well as within the permitted range and prevents exceeding maximum angle of movement.
Characterized by high durability laces fibers and a degree of flexibility to increase the length of the bit about the limit so as not to be interrupted in case of detailed external pressure.
Muscle Motors is that you move the hand around bone joints is done through contraction, the muscle cells shorten in length and are made. To move one hand around the Majesties dislocated it is necessary to install one end of his driving on the muscle and bone of the other party on the bone of the movement around the joint.
No need to move the bone hinged on one level one you tighten muscles of greatness in the desired direction while the second strongly in the opposite direction.
For example there are muscles on the humerus bone they bend and extend the forearm on the elbow where it is installed when the muscles fixed parties up the greatness of the humerus and scapula bone while moving the parties installed blades ulna pseudoarthrosis involving clear also attached.
And install parties muscle to the bones using tendons (Tendons) is a white highly accurate fibre durability but not flexible ligaments.
Linked to muscle tendons that heightened her head and is operated as the wiring in modern machines to deliver the pulling force the muscle to long distances like a muscle located on the forearm and move fingers through tendons.
Since the shoulder moves the humerus as the bones of the hand in all directions as well as rotate it needs a larger number of muscles as well as the strongest.
The number of these muscles six muscles were installed on all objects of bone plate and collar bone for this reason a shoulder pad is designed with a large surface area in order to accommodate this many muscles driving the upper arm and forearm.
Either the elbow is moving through four powerful muscles on the humerus bone and move the forearm blades in one level and rotate the crank so rotate the Palm of the hand
Either a wrist is moved by muscles that are installed on the forearm where four muscles to move it on two levels.
As the joints of the fingers are moved around fourteen through thirty-five muscle installed on the forearm muscle and rest 20 end to wisdom cannot pay attention to humans easily.
If the entire muscle on the Palm of the hand to the much bulkier than the cessation of the fitness and strength when they perform their functions.
And muscle tension are installed on the forearm to the fingers using costra long and occupies a significant minutes in the Palm of the hand as is evident from the attached.
Despite the complexity of the design of the bones, joints and muscles of the hand but this complexity is negligible with the complexity in the methods used to control with movement the hand by moving their muscles.
And we will first explain how single muscle movement control and then explain later hand muscles control methods together to enable the hand to do a specific task.
So the muscle move with different angles of greatness within the range allowed by the need to be designed so that it can shrink in different lengths.
This was an ingenious method by dividing the muscle fiber groups dubbed the stirring unit (Motor Unit) each group contains a number of fibres is controlled by each group in one fork of the nervous fibers for each group and fiber when the neuron sends his pulsations to unite all their fibres is shrinking at the same time and by the same amount.
Since the muscle is made up of thousands of units it can toflis full muscle to desired length by sending pulses of control for a specified number of units proportionate to the desired length.
You can specify the number of nerves to the hand muscles different control by selecting the number of units of the animation in this muscle.
And hand muscles are controlled by nerves in the five roots (Roots) branch out from the spinal cord, four graduated from between the vertebrae neck and v of paragraph first bra.
And rearrange the nerve fibers of the five roots clamp (brachial plexus) graduated in three packs called logs (Trunks) and is divided into two parts each trunk (Division) back to unite with the rest of the sections after going a short distance to the outside in the form of three packages called chords (Cords) and the branch gradually linked various muscles of the hand.
The process of rearranging the nerve fibers in the clamp a highly complex human beings cannot however their play. Each of the five roots contains hundreds of thousands of some of sensory nerve fibers and some mobility and must all go live of this fiber to a specific place in the hand and this required assembling the outgoing fibers to a certain area in the hand with each and wrapped in single rope for safe delivery to the region to begin to branch into place in that region.
The form shows the space occupied by the hand in the voluntary movement in cerebral cortex
Are the nerve centers responsible for voluntary movements in the rear of the front brain lobe covering a wide area. And we can see from the attached how hand arm and five fingers take up space from the total space allocated to the voluntary movements of the body.
And most people are not aware of the volume of operations and treatments carried out in centers in the brain as well as the amount of information coming and going between the hand and the brain when you move the hand to perform a specific task, no matter how simple.
Most people believe that all steps of the process of moving their hands and feet and tongues are fully under their control is not start because all the steps are involuntary except the first step is identifying the type of transaction and the time of its inception.
When a person intends to move the hand in position, there is a large store in the center of the movement and his assistance centres need to be run to determine the series of nerve impulses that must be sent to the various muscles of the hand and matchless orchestration.
When a person intends to hold a cup of water to drink it, to move all the muscles of the hand to move from the position where the position of the Cup, you catch him and then moved to his mouth.
During this period of time is to send hundreds of millions of nerve signals from the brain to the muscles of the hand and hand muscles to the brain determines the muscles to move and the amount of tension in every moment of time.
How to give a series of commands to move his hand and is originally unaware installation hand and how much from the muscles and joints and the nervous fibers and so even if the science is powerless to do so.
This is evident if the nerves of the hand any faulty or disconnected, the person giving orders to his brain to move his hand but the hand did not respond to the non-arrival of signals from the brain to the muscles of the hand.
The process of moving the hand to do a particular task is not done only by sending electrical signals from the brain to the muscles of the hand, but need feedback from the hand to the brain determine the status of various joints and muscle tightening in every moment of time.
This is done through the use of a large number of sensory receptors (sensory receptors) that is implanted within the joints and muscles, ligaments and tendons, which sends electrical signals to the brain or spinal cord identifies each of these components in every moment of time.
And sensory receptors designed specifically for the task type mechanical receptors (mechanoreceptors) which responds to the movements of the muscles and joints which are found in different forms depending on the type of the component as a muscle spindle (muscle spindle) found in muscle and (Golgi tendon organ) found in tendons. Muscle spindle is a popular mechanical receptors used in hand and that is implanted in the belly of the muscle through several roll rolls on some internal muscle fibers.
The size of the neural processes of the brain to hand to perform its functions with ease was not aware of the complexity only engineers who work in the field of manufacturing robots, engineers or doctors who treat patients with altbiion disabled in their hands or in her temper or in movement through the installation of artificial limbs. The engineers control the robots are human hand optimization model who strive to make the hands lrobotathm emulate and even partially the capabilities of the human hand.
In order for the engineers of the tradition of human hand they in their research studies in-depth, many of these wonder tried to hand him their secrets revealed.
Some efforts have been focused on the study of the mechanical side of the installation of the bones and muscles and joints and some study the nerves and sensory receptors in terms of types and methods of work and ways of distribution in hand and some study the huge programs stored in the brain and simulated using supercomputers.
The attached chart shows the complexity in forms that engineers developed to represent the work of human hand to complex types of programmable logic controllers with nutrition
Engineers have been able to manufacture various kinds of hands lrobotathm but its still a far cry from the capabilities of the human hand
Feedback.
Engineers have been able to manufacture various kinds of hands lrobotathm but its still a far cry from the capabilities of the human hand and the recognition of titles our Ulama currently adopt them where someone says, commenting on the capacity of industrial hand developed by: (our determination has no super powers of human hand strength and capacity, but closer to the human hand than any other industrial hand operator and have the same weight of the human hand) ("Our design does not have superhuman strength or capability, but it is closer in terms of function and power to a human arm than any previous prosthetic device that is self-powered and weighs about the same as a natural arm," said researcher Michael Goldfarb, a roboticist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. ).
Again, I want to remind the reader of the grace of God to provide the skilled hands and he should remember that when he moves his hand whatever the simplicity movement, the huge software is implemented in the brain and write millions of electrical impulses between the hand and the brain.
If people wanted to rub the Bunny nose with finger or any part of his body and is closed his eyes, only to give it to his brain to do that and then the centres responsible for implementing complex programs to perform this seemingly simple transaction is not aware of the dimensions.
The brain first sets the position of the hand and this information is obtained from the cerebellum which had previously obtained from sensory receptors located in the hand and then determines the final position of the hand and a rabbit nose and in the light of this information the brain determine series of nerve impulses sent to the various different hand muscles
For acting in a specific sequence to reach the goal and the Almighty "came you all saltmoh and encroached the grace of God not to man they count her unjust infidels (34)".
