Throat: Sound Box

Throat: Sound Box
Consists sound in the throat and have a depth and altitude

To come out to speak, the lungs push air into the top (Zephyr) and the movement of the larynx give voice tone and shares the tongue, lips and mouth and throat to produce the language spoken by the peoples of the world

If swallowed rights, the movement of the tongue pay the epiglottis above the throat in order to slot filled by food that does not come into the trachea. Throat ascend to the top during swallowing in order to help so if anything income of food, cough cough reflex will try to bring out what income for the protection of the lung.

Feeds throat branch of the tenth cranial nerve vagus nerve from each side
Sensory nerve of the epiglottis and it comes from the internal nerve of the superior laryngeal nerve superior laryngeal nerve.

Meaning CRICOID: ring or ring

Meaning CRICOID: ring or ring
Located under thyroid Algdharol in the neck which is linked to thyroid cartilage from the medial side annular Rabat - cartilage median cricothyroid ligament is the successor and abroad the cricothyroid joints any detailed two from each side
And under no tracheal rings, a cartilaginous rings are incomplete but the C and be the opening of a place back
And associated cartilage Powell semi-annular ring in the trachea by bronchial annular ligament the cricotracheal ligament
Also, the thyroid cartilage covering annular
The rear of the annular cartilage named lamina, a show from the front part
The anterior part is the "package" band so the shape resembles the ring

Do: stick to it, muscles, cartilage and ligaments Msaalh: opening and closing the airways and produce speech
It Menkon of gelatinous cartilage hyaline cartilage, and possible sinters or even magnified in the elderly.

Throat

Throat:

Be a solid part of the larynx is composed of cartilage (with it may Taatkls in the elderly) may see it in the X-ray taken of the throat area
The most important cartilage are CRICOID and THYROID and 2 ARYTENOIDS
Cartilage CRICOID: its shape like a ring and be broad place at the back and is in fact the only cartilage in the respiratory tract, which form a full cartilaginous

Thyroid cartilage THYROID be of two parts ALAE meet in the middle in the corner of the sharp angle in the man, but they show in the mirror angle (as is the case in the pelvic bone in the barrier of pubic)

Cartilaginous ARYTENOID Akunan cartilage over which we have mentioned the first one any CRICOID two detailed Eetmvslan him by a small
As well as thyroid cartilage with this cartilage any CRICOID in the back side of each side

Scapula artery

Scapula artery:
Arises in the right side of the cervical artery Aldhirai brachiocephalic artery behind the scapular detailed formed between the scapula bone clavicle and rib Central sternum.
From the left arises from the aorta immediately after the origin of the common carotid artery directly

The root of the neck and the thoracic outlet

The root of the neck and the thoracic outlet:
The beginning of the chest cavity boundaries: the first paragraph bra and the first pair of ribs and the upper front of the rib bone. And sometimes called: thoracic outlet or thoracic inlet any entrance or exit the chest because members enter the chest and graduated from the chest of this place.It is an important place because there are members of the task gather all in a small place like the carotid artery and the artery under scapula and the trachea and esophagus and veins large, so the if the example tumor at the top of the lung or tumor in the thyroid gland, it will cause problems with the members around.scalenus anterior muscle or cervical rib may affect the vein under the scapula or a neural network gibbet when it enters the arm above the first rib.
scalenus muscles:
scalenus anterior muscleArising from Alentae lateral cervical vertebrae number 3, 4, 5, 6, and stick to the place allotted to the front edge of the first rib and by a thin tendon. Raise the first rib and neck administration on the same side.
scalenus medius muscle:Are the three biggest muscle, arising out of the back of the average extrusion of cervical vertebrae 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 does all cervical vertebrae except the first paragraph named Atlas, and stick to the upper face of the first leg in a broad place. Work: raising the first rib and neck administration on the same side.
scalenus posterior muscle:Small muscle stick second . Work: lifting the second leg.

As we can see, the scapula artery sublavian artery and lower trunk of the neural network gibbet lower trunk of the brachial plexus passing of muscle between the hole is not deep, but shallow in the upper surface of the first leg and this shallow hole located between the muscles mentioned.
Scapula artery and the first thoracic nerve Akunan more vulnerable than others in this region to be affected because they Due to be passed over the first rib then Anhanian down to Ivhba in their way to the outside of the chest.
There may be what is known as cervical rib any rib rib be glued seventh cervical paragraph, if this exists, the scapula artery and lower Allowaljza of neural network gibbet, they are going through it then went to the bottom so Tqoshma will be more.
Even if this is not the rib (neck) is present, the scalenus anterior muscle muscle be sharp edge has put pressure on the artery and nerve. This pressure will lead to that man complains that his hands Bardtin Mzarktin and possible happen atrophy and weakness in the small muscles in the hand (these muscles fueled nerve T1 which are going fibers in the nerve average median nerve and nerve ulnar nerve, as well as a sense of Palm and numbness in the hand and the bottom arm on the medial side of the small fingers.

How composed thyroid

How composed thyroid:Thyroid consists in a child in his mother's womb in the form of bud or increase of the larynx then grow embryonic bud down in front of the so-called BRANCHLIAL ARCH from the bottom of the tongue (and therefore become the front of the throat and Attm HYOID BONE). Then divided into two sections or lobesAny head will turn to bud: the thyroid gland.The long part that came down to the bottom (ie, such as flower stalk) and called this leg: THYROGLOSSAL DUCT any channel lingual thyroid: it disappears. The remains of it traces show that it exists.Then grow bud (Flanhbha the rose) and comes into contact with the front part of the 4th pharyngeal endodermal pouch gives cells called C cells infrafollicular C cells. After that it tongue we can see that the venue of the channel that stretched from the tongue to the thyroid gland is the foramen caecum in the skull.

 

Sometimes remains of thyroid tissue was sitting in the road between the tongue and throat and can be sure of the diagnosis if Talana of the man to come out of the tongue we will see it move with the movement of the tongue up and down.And get infections in these parts for that must be surgically excised.Sometimes descend thyroid more than normal so that it snaps into Ely chest in the middle superior mediastinum.
The thyroid is a gland deaf endocrine gland that is, they produce secretions directly into the blood and not by channel secretions to reach the destination. They are found in the neck before thyroid Aladharov or called the Adam's apple. It organizes metabolic processes in cells that is, they control actively cells and speed composition and burning of gentleness Vtkon Almsaalh for control card the whole body, if increased excreted hyperthyroidism: increased body cells in speed in the composition of energy and burning we see human be so nervous sweating nervous and his heart beats rapidly and his body taken Slims due to burning of stored energy with that eating as is or increased, his hands shaking and his eyes open in a more natural like angry, and if a woman they complain also of differences in the menstrual cycle and problems which, hair loss and so on.But if less secretion of thyroid hypothyroidism, she believes human be slow idle will increase weight and slow down body processes.The cases تصاحبهما changes in human mood than bother him and bother around him who they think he has turned into a different person abusive treatment.(Please refer to the subject of Dr. Amr Dora thyroid)
Why secrete thyroid so that it can control in the body?The most important repercussions is Hmon Althairoxin thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine (T3And iodine or called iodine Iodine is important in the installation of this hormone to become added in many countries to salt so as not to get a shortage of bodyIt is located in fish abundance so the states that do not fall on a few sea that is, they eat fish, they are more vulnerable to the problems of lack of thyroid


But the thyroid gland does not work as you want, but it controls the work glands higher than the one ordering you to secreteThis number is the pituitary gland in the brain pituitary and Alhaabozalamas hypothalamus.And thyroid name meaning shield .. Because the shape resembles shield (as they say!)If you look at it the flag consists of the right and left lobes and between them, part arrive isthmus.They settle on the thyroid cartilage (which is part of the throat) and the trachea and extending to the rear to reach the membrane surrounding the carotid sheath carotid artery and into the esophagus and extends to the bottom limit cartilaginous Episode IV of the trachea.It attached to the throat, they are moving with swallowing up and down.


It is very important to know that hypothyroidism is very important in brain development in children from the first composition in his mother's womb and during the first years of age, so became doctors now ask the pregnant mother if she had problems in the thyroid Vieljohnha of the first pregnancy to avoid bad influences on a child's brain as a result of irregular thyroid when his mother. You may say how it affects secretion of thyroid from mother to child: The reason is that the hormone is going on in the mother's blood and up to the fetus as up the rest of the food Faather in the growth of the fetal brain, so do not forget to pay attention to the question and treat pregnant mother if they suffer from thyroid problemsThe impact on brain development in the early years is very important and can lead decreases to mental retardation (O Ahaftna Lord) therefore Afjs all children in the able leadership of the scan from the first day of their lives on the level of the hormone in the blood of treated quickly in case of deficiency because he if there is mental retardation, the treatment will not be possible later.

Bone hyoid bone

Bone hyoid bone: A piece called the body located in the middle and has a pair of small horns lesser cornu, and a pair of horns large grater cornu. A thin bone in the neck breaks when strangulation. There ligament stylohyoid ligament bone mamillary styloid process to younger this century bone Middle constrictor muscle arises from the lower part of this bond + century younger + and the upper edge of the biggest century.
Muscle Tltkien from behind in the median line. Lower fibers cover the reduced muscle fiber lower inferior constrictor Supreme fibers covering part of the reduced muscle Supreme superior constrictor Any such three cups put one in the other.
Lower the reduced muscle inferior constrictor slash arise from the thyroid cartilage thyroid cartilage It cartilage cricoid cartilage Lower fibers are cross-sectional (the offer) and called cricopharyngeus
Lower the reduced muscle between transverse fibers and fibers that ascend to the top there is a weak area, such as vacuum named Killian's dehiscence is a poor place possible to come out of it is part of the dinner mucous that causes pharyngeal diverticulum, which is possible to press on the outside of the pharynx causing difficulty in swallowing. The beginning of the esophagus also be narrowed area....

Infrahyoid muscles:
Also called strap muscles, which is part of a group of muscles located in the front of the body and be a long strip, for example muscle rectus abdominis muscle
These muscles in the neck are: Arbahazoaj of the muscles and the meaning of its name it's located under Atm hyoid bone in the neck:

sternothyroid origin: sternum and stick thyroid cartilage
thyrohyoid origin: sternum and stick hyoid bone
sternohyoid origin: thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone stick
omohyoid origin: superior border of scapula and stick hyoid bone

Nerve provider of these muscles is: ansa cervicalis of neural network cervical cervical plexus C1-3 except thyrohyoid muscle they receive only the first spinal nerve C1.

Work these muscles:
Is that it proves the bone hyoid bone in order to work the muscles above the bone suprahyoid muscles.
Or that Tgerazm hyoid bone to the bottom is the larynx during speech and swallowing.

It is worth mentioning that this bone is inseparable any other bone so the medical students more often than they miss in the samples by studying bone is considered "pending" like scapula bone in the back that is to say it in place depends on the muscle-bound.

Pharynx

Pharynx:
Pharynx is not a tube sense of the word it has aspects of walls and an open back, but forward. In the upper section, be open to the nasal cavity from the front is called this part: nasopharynx nasopharynx
Below that is open to the oral cavity is called the oropharynx: oropharynx
Below that is open to the throat called the pharynx, larynx: laryngopharynx.
Therefore you can ask the interviewer to open his mouth so you can look at the oral part of throat and you can see the rest of the sections pharynx if it is used especially women.
There are six muscles involved in the science of the pharynx: There are three muscles embracing each other like mugs if you put one on one, and these muscles are called:
superior constrictor, middle constrictor, inferior constrictor
Other muscles are: stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus.
Covers the pharynx muscle membrane that covers the name buccinator at the mouth Hence the name of the membrane buccopharyngeal fascia.
Submuscularis between them and the mucous membrane lining of the esophagus (a type of squamous multilayer) membrane Pinhna named: pharyngeobasilar fascia.
Ends pharynx at the bottom edge of the cricoid cartilage and cartilage this level the level of the sixth cervical vertebrae.

The anterior triangle

The anterior triangle:

Be limits: sternocleidomastoid muscle from the side, and the bottom border of the mandible, and the center line.
This area contains the area under the chin and submandibular, and we see the emergence of the larynx, a senior cartilage especially in men.
Can feel thus:
hyoid bone
hyoid and cricoid cartilages at level of C3, C4, C 5, C 6
Of course, all throat move when swallowing.
In the surface membrane superficial fascia of the neck is somewhat unique muscle covering the front triangle of the neck its name latysma muscle and this muscle fibers begin to upper ribs and then go up to cover the front triangle of the neck and then up to the jaw muscle fiber Vtakhtlt other that surround the mouth. In older persons is a muscle edges forward like two or splice prominent in the neck from the front. Such muscle found in the horse where he Iotrha all expelled him insects. They move the corners of the mouth and lashes the neck down and can sometimes see in athletes who work very hard because helps return venous blood in the neck, the muscle that you use to get rid of the narrow necktie, an important sign for the surgeon.

Almthelt anterior and posterior triangle of the neck

Almthelt anterior and posterior triangle of the neck:The front triangle of the neck: the borders: the middle of the forward line, the front of the muscle sternocledomastoid and the lower edge of the mandible.
Trapezius muscle linked the back bone of the skull in a bump on the bone and there are associated muscle also sternocledomastoid. He gave the top of the triangle is a meeting place Supreme العضلتين and its base is scapula.The back of the neck consists of paragraphs and a large group of muscles that surround the paragraphs,, surrounded paragraphs and muscle membrane thick name: the membrane in front of the paragraphs,
The back of the neck consists of cervical vertebrae bone surrounded by muscles and surround this membrane called front paragraphs membrane prevertebral fascia and this membrane climb above the base of the skull and extends down to the end of the named longus colli muscle at the third paragraph bra.In front of this section of the muscles and muscle tissue or connective link light is separated from the pharynx and larynx, which are located in the front and if we got down there the trachea and esophagus. These organs are surrounded front (larynx and pharynx) membrane thinner and lighter than the membrane covering the muscles of the background, and this thin membrane called the membrane in front of the trachea pretracheal fascia.Each member that snaps into the cover of muscle and muscle membranes are:On top of this membrane is located directly under the membrane that is under the skinsuperficial fascia.Deep layer is divided to surround Baledlten Aforeigtien.Trapezius muscle stick the cervical Balentaat paragraphs by ligament ligamentum nuchae, place العضلتين in drawing depends on the level section of the neck any level any cervical paragraph, whenever we went down to the bottom as it progresses trapezius muscle to the front and whenever sternocleidomastoid muscle tended to back.There is also a membrane enveloping group members, namely:Internal vein, the common carotid artery and after internal carotid artery (depending on the section level), tenth cranial nerve, the vagus nerve is located to the rear of the blood vessels.


Then draw a muscle in relation to paragraphs.1 - in front of the cervical spine are called longus colli muscle and do not need to know more about it, but it extends to the top limit the first cervical vertebrae (Atlas).2 - from the side: of the cervical spine, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (paragraphs have anterior tubercle) For this extrusion stick muscle scalenus anterior.3 - of the cervical spine: the back of Extrusion Extrusion transverse cervical vertebrae: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 graduated scalenus medius musclescalenus posterior-4 is a small muscle is important and do not need to know them more.5 - levator scapulae muscle stick Balentu browser cervical vertebrae from the back or stick Balentu back, paragraphs: 1, 2, 3, 4.6 - and behind it there is a muscle called splenius capitis,semispinalis capitis -7 and the latter fibers perpendicular and stick to different paragraphs and then come to attach themselves to nuchal lines and two lines in the skull.All of these muscles are ground posterior triangle of the neck.The membrane covering the muscles in front of the vertebrae.All fibers are going to the bottom and back (except for recent muscle).Between the anterior tubercle and posteroir tubercle no dig deep and here sits a spinal nerve. Remember that come out of the spinal nerves spinal above paragraphs that have the same number, except for the last nerve truck, a spinal nerve No. 8 that comes out from under the seventh paragraph, there are 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 the cervical nerves loaders.
In the transverse foramen vertebral artery being surrounded by a network of veins and nerves Asambthawayh. Do you have artery in front of or behind the spinal nerve? Artery in front of the nerve.

Vein cavernous skull Cavernous sinuses

Vein cavernous skull Cavernous sinuses:
Two and Raydan is located on each side of the Turkish saddle sella turcica, and this understanding also located on both sides of the pituitary gland pituitary gland in the brain.
Is in the vein of the corpora cavernosa of the forward: superior vena visual superior ophthalmic vein and the inferior vena visual inferior ophthalmic vein. Either from the rear small veins Vtsb in cavernous veins.
There is a small veins stretching between Alaordaa Alkhvinin Vtkon method of communication between them and these veins are: the veins between the cavernous veins intracavernous sinuses, is located in front of and behind the pituitary gland.
Vein that brings blood from the lower section of the brain is in the cavernous veins too.

Why Alaordaa important Allekevien:
Because cranial nerves No. 3 and 4, 5 and 6 have to do very Bhzha Alaordaa and because internal carotid artery internal carotid artery walks in intravenous every side (is this artery only in the body, which covers a layer lined inside and layer lined from abroad also endothelium).
Most veins within the dura mater related to veins outside the skull by small veins called: emissary veins.

Veins formed by cruel mother: dural venous sinuses

Veins formed by cruel mother: dural venous sinusesSeparates the two layers of harsh mother (the fibrous layer from the inner layer) consists vacuum between them padded sinus membrane and this being the venous blood, and the largest and Reid is intravenous upper middle superior sagittal sinus, which is important because his relationship to the conduct of the spinal fluid.
superior sagittal sinus:Starts from behind the perforated plate and walking back and grow in size gradually until it reaches the rear area Extrusion internal internal occipital protruberance, then Istdiraly right and right-wing vein browser right transverse sinus, which is located in the adherent layer cruel mother.
Lobes of the brain settles on the bones of the skull, which carries the same name as the lobe. For example: the frontal lobe on the front bone, and so on. Temporal lobe Istqraly temporal bone and the bone brushes because it is located in the middle cranial fossa, and his side of the home near the cavernous vein.
Over and above intersection is located Alasban Albesrian (optic chiasma) and this is important that we know.The bottom surface of the anterior lobe (frontal), it settles on a bone chip, which is part of the frontal bone (front) which is to be the roof of the eye socket. As well as the prefrontal settle on the younger wing of the bone brushesAny transfer front crater floor.The posterior lobe of the brain, it does not sit on the bone of him but the fold consisting of dura mater (dura mater), which separated from the cerebellum.
(Pons) is also present in the posterior cranial fossa is located on the bump (the clivus) being the back bone and bone brushes in front of the large hole.
Remember that cranial nerve III is the nerve center of the near, it feeds the ciliary muscle associated lens eye and shrinking to let the eye see things nearby accomodation, and muscle in the pupil that makes the pupil smaller constriction, and rectus internal medial rectus to focus Karti Alaannin place near, The muscle that raises eyebrows high to top.Remember when you are dreaming and you're sitting in the lesson (or lecture), the eyes focused on nothing and relax the muscles of your eyes.

Membrane that surrounds the brain meninges (plural meninx)

Membrane that surrounds the brain meninges (plural meninx) consists of three layers covering the brain and its name from the outside to the inside: Mother solid dura mater, class spider arachnoid, pia mater pia mater. The outer layer is a solid layer while the inner layer is thin. Encapsulate the brain dura and line the skull and lowered their barriers septae.Called spider-class and caring mother: leptomeningesPia mater surrounding the brain and stick to it and follow Anhanaouath, and be among the pia mater and the class site distance, called this distance: space under class spider subarachnoid space, and where there are spinal fluid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF. Layers that surrounds the brain and continue around the spinal cord Therefore, the spinal cord is surrounded by the same classes, surrounded by spinal fluid as well.Class under subarachnoid space is very important, because if there is bleeding from a blood arteries have come down in human this Faihs space very sudden severe headache, and if we take a little bit of spinal fluid color reddish Fsnrah for the presence of blood in it. A condition hazardous to life and may lead to death if not save the patient quickly.
Layer cruel mother dura mater:If we examine this class we saw it consists of two layers: an outer layer of fibrous bone stick fibrous layer, and a soft inner layer serous layer. The soft layer that runs together with the fibrous layer but separated them in places that must be where the veins and barriers.Processing blood for this class comes from the many small arteries and one large artery is Alglafa artery centrist middle meningeal artery, a branch of the upper jaw artery maxillary artery enters the skull from the slot spinal foramen spinosum. Then it has not in the middle cranial fossa is being forward and abroad then climbs and is divided into the front section and the rear section.

There are two important Titin fibrous layer of mother harsh: the first is located in the center of the skull, a fold located between the two halves of the brain and its name falx cerebri, and in its upper edge there is a large vein. falx meaning Hilali any shape, such as Crescent. Ras Crescent soon be on the perforated plate bone Almnkhala and end ongoing with other fold of cruel mother, and this other name fold: tentorium cerebelli which serve as a cover is full of rear cranial fossa (any of the cerebellum) Fjza brain out through this fold.
This Taitin two as we class Fibre from mother harsh understanding Titan to Levitan Qasatan, and if we saw how the brain slave is located between these folds harsh Fsntejel kilometers Satazy if something have happened in intracranial such as bleeding or swelling in one of the places the brain, leading to pressure the brain between these folds. But that it can be fatal to humans.
I hope that you are looking for the midline shift because it is an important question repeated in exams.

 

the cranial cavity (Aljmb)

the cranial cavity (Aljmb):

It is important to understand that Aljmjh is a bony core box containing the brain and blood vessels and spinal fluid. They relate to the spinal canal by the big hole. So if large cancer in intracranial bleeding or got the skull can not expand and grow, but remain the same size, this increase in pressure within the skull.
Large veins venous sinuses in the skull have a strong wall to prevent that change with pressure Fjdarha difference of illiterate steel membrane dura matter.
Arteries have a very thin wall, and sometimes gets stretched in the wall of an artery and we call aneurysm and this is possible to explode because he like the balloon leads to dangerous bleeding inside the skull.

Before you finish reading topic see the explanation for cranial fossa front, middle and rear.

Seventh nerve: Facial nerve

Seventh nerve: Facial nerve
Facial nerve
It gives nerves Parra Smbthawayh parasympathetic fibers to the face and neck. Segment in which Almsaal movement and to transfer the kinetic part which comes from the facial nerve nucleus in the pons, while the sensory part comes from the nervus intermedius.
Nerve walks with eighth nerve within the internal auditory canal. Department of nerve fibers become part of the chorda tympani and greater petrosal nerve (a fiber Barracambthawayh) they walk independently in the median nerve nervus intermedius and so called because he walks between nerve seventh and eighth nerve.

Eighth nerve: Vestibulocochlear nerve:Is Almsaal hearing and balance. Enters through the hole internal audio and is divided into two parts one busy second hearing and balance.
Althasa nerve: glossopharyngeal nerveOut by the medulla in front of nerve roots X and XI. It moves the muscles of the pharynx.
X nerve vagus nerve:Passes in the channel jugular jugular foramen with section Aljmb branch of nerve XI.
Nerve XI accessory nerve:This nerve where two sections: the truck as it emerges from the top five pieces of the spinal cord enters the skull from the slot major foramen magnum Vindemj with the cranial section cranial part that comes out of the aspects of the medulla with nerve X
XII nerve hypoglossal nerve: