Shoulder movements are like any detailed movement of ball and the hole type Any:

Shoulder movements are like any detailed movement of ball and the hole type
Any:
Abduction removal (or Tginih), is the movement of parties away from the axis of the body
Adduction rounded sides of the body
Flexion party forward movement of the body or the movement of folding
Extension Movement party back or jaw joint if tucked
Internal Rotaion detailed rotated inward
External Rotation to rotate the joint abroad

One very important ligaments is coraco-acromial ligament

One very important ligaments is coraco-acromial ligament
Moves the head of the humerus and the biggest bulge in the humerus under this link
So it is natural that there is in that place the bag under this link subacromial bursa
If flame in this bag, shoulder movement will be painful and very limited
Under the bag there tendon above the spinal supraspinatous tendon, which also could be harmed and cause pain and lack of movement in the shoulder

That the true strength of the shoulder does not come from the bones or ligaments in the shoulder, but: four short muscles that surround the joint and that attach themselves to the bone humerus from the front and the top and back.

These muscles are:
Muscle under the scapula subscapularis muscle.
Above the muscle (above the fork scapula) supraspinatus muscle
Spinal muscle infraspinatus muscle
Short muscle teres minor muscle
This muscle is called: rotator cuff (in English: Rotator cuff)

Per muscle work but all the muscles working to prove the shoulder joint
These muscles if his vice Vsttih the joint to move freely large

The shoulder

The shoulder joint is kind of the ball and the hole and the ball is large here, a small pit and shallow
For this reason, it is fair to take off any exit Ras bone of the hole
As is the case in the rest of the joints of the same type, the areas touching the shoulder joint are covered with cartilage kind of gel
He has no gelatinous membrane
Crater surrounded Bhafetha cartilage the deeper Faiholha is glenoidal Labrum a fibrous cartilage however Valhfrh remains very shallow
Surrounds the joint capsule
On the capsule ligament and tendon be mild and linked to very close to the surface of articulation but below extends to attach themselves to the neck surgical humerus to allow these ligaments in this place movement to lift the arm to the top '

Ligament capsule: There are three ligaments are not very strong forward GLENOHUMERAL TENDONS
There strap from above and where the holes weaken more CORACOHUMERAL
In front of the joint there tendon SUBCAPSULARIS and between him and the joint small subcapsular bursa bag and her connection with intra-articular.



Tendon on the humerus biceps: long head tendon of the muscle arises from the scapula and passes through the joint, but outside of the mucous membrane of the joint and carries with it lengthen the mucous membrane of the joint bursa.

Arm bone = humerus

Arm bone = humerus (in English: Humerus) and is part of the human skeleton and is available in the arm where the shoulder with the elbow. Areas in which Aldzoualaaly:
Ras, the largest extrusion and extrusion younger. Each consisting of these three parts separately and then combine and fuse together. باتحادها be the upper part of the bone epiphysis and is separated on the middle of the bone that named the diaphysis and there is a line separating the upper part and the middle component of an area of ​​cartilage called epiphyseal cartilage which are of cartilage and turn into bone and complements that at the age of 20 years .
As we can see that the humerus component of Ras rounded him neck and neck surgical neck called because many fractures occur

The head of the humerus as we see a large roundish and compared shallow pit that settles in the scapula bone so it can move very freely. The second reason to freedom of movement in the shoulder joint is that the ligaments are somewhat soft.


The lower part of the humerus stationed with forearm

Shoulder joint shoulder joint

Shoulder joint shoulder joint:

Is the joint between the humerus arm bone and scapula bone scapula. Well wishbone clavicle and what there is in this area of ​​the muscles and ligaments.
The joint between the arm bone and scapula Glenohumeral joint:
Is the main part of the shoulder joint, a kind of ball and sheath, where Ras rounded arm bone Kalkrh and sits in a shallow hole (not deep) in the scapula name glenoid. Therefore, it is easy to go out Ras arm bone from his place (dislocated dis ********). Shallow hole in the scapula be on the edge of cartilage works to increase the depth of this hole.
Capsule surrounding the joint are thin and stick close to the articulation surfaces except at the bottom it linked to neck surgery (also called) arm bone, which makes it possible to raise the arm to top.

Ribs

Ribs

Supreme seven ribs called true ribs where it Taatmvsal with front breastbone (sternum) cartilaginous joint
Ribs 8 to 10 relate cartilaginous part and not direct Taatmvsal with sternum and are called false ribs
The last two Aldilaan (11, 12) understanding are Aldilaan Taivin called floating they Eetmvslan not forward with the breastbone.
Between each ribs there muscles with arteries and veins and nerves.
The area between the ribs name: vacuum or the distance between the Aldilaan intercostal space.
In this space there are 3 muscles just as there are 3 abdominal muscles:
1 - external intercostal muscle external intercostal muscle (under the direction of the front and down and be a light in front of the chest is made up of light membrane).
2 - internal intercostal muscle internal intercostal muscle being backward and down and be back membrane.
3 - and thoracic transverse muscle transversus thoracis muscle and the most important part of which is the front part labeled sternocostalis with blood vessels are separated from the membrane surrounding the lungs.
Blood vessels and nerves are in the space between the internal oblique muscle and pectoral muscle under review (ahem) near the upper part of the space between Aldilaan and lies partly in the ditch subcostal (from bottom to top: nerve, artery and vein).

How do you show the breastbone in the chest (X-ray)

How do you show the breastbone in the chest (X-ray):

Central will see the breastbone in the middle but he does not seem clearly because his light crust of hard bone just as well because it will show the thoracic spine. You'll see the ribs on both sides, but the ribs are moving from paragraphs to the direction of the basement and then return to walk toward the upper Therefore it may not be easy to interpret.
Place any contact ribs cartilage bone chest centrist be explained, the more people age because more calcium is deposited in this place, the more age.

Front breastbone The sternum:

Front breastbone The sternum:

Is a long flat bone located in the center of the chest from the front, and is related to seven ribs upper side, where it is connected with cartilaginous ribs. It is with ribs of the rib cage, which is of great significance It protects the heart and lungs and large blood vessels of any harm from abroad.
Supreme related Bazemi shoulder clavicles
Consists breastbone front of three parts:

Manubrium
**** Of sternum (gladiolus)
Xiphoid process

Average length in the adult human is 17 centimeters, which is slightly longer in men than in women. It consists of bone Asnfja a lot of blood vessels, and is covered by a layer of hard bone.
Rarely happens break in this bone, but it happens sometimes break for example, if rushed issued driver on the steering wheel during a car accident, causing fractures in this bone and be fracture usually kind of crumbled any that bone break down into several parts, and accompanied usually hurt the lungs Pulmonary contusion.

The third layer in the eye: the retina

The third layer in the eye: the retina, which is composed of layers, where nerve cells called rods and cones, a homogeneous form in all parts except in two areas, which are:
The entry area of the optic nerve to the eye optic disc where there are not networked to be a vision in this area non-existent, so called: blind spot.

An area called fovea, an area in the retina are like the pit small and be on one line with the lens, and where many of the cells of the cones so she can see colors and distinguish shapes more accurately than any other place in the retina, so you when you look at going to move your eyes so Down with the image you want to see on this place in the retina. As you do now, and as you read this.
If affected this region, the consideration will be affected much more than if affected by another area of the retina.

There is also the lens of the eye where the softer rubber and so can be changed so that the image on the retina is located.The lens hanging from the edges and surrounded by a capsule. It is possible to change, for example in diabetes becomes opaque and this so-called White Water, and can make the process of switching the lens.If you look at a picture near the ciliary muscle pulls the lens on the front allowing the lens to pellet.If you look at a picture far, the ciliary muscle relaxes.

Water gel, which is located at the back of the eye between the lens and the retina:Is a gelatinous liquid (generation) is transparent in the back of the eye. Contains very little of the phagocytic cells that gobble up the impurities that sour vision (Hallelujah) and has no blood vessels and is composed of water, salts and some sugars and collagen. Has a viscosity of equal to the viscosity of the water two to four times, making it the gelatinous shape.It also helps in the refraction of light rays entering the eye to fall on the right place in the retinaIt does not stick to the retina with it touching, but it stuck in only three places: on the front edge of the retina, in the macula, a region surrounded by Pal fovea, and in the area of ​​entering the nerve theoretical.
It helps to keep the retina in place.In contrast to the liquid in the anterior part of the eye (watery fluid that is secreted and acting consistently any changed continuously), the fluid gel in the back of the eye is not changed but remains as it is, so if there is a thing such as bleeding or pus or otherwise, that will only go away with surgery.Sometimes moving liquid gel away from the retina Vensmi: the separation of the liquid gel.

Part III back of the middle class to the eye is the choroid

Part III back of the middle class to the eye is the choroid, and is rich layer cardiovascular Tovralgmae of neurons at home and take them waste. It therefore colored light inside the eye will not shatter and will not be reflected (for this, if you look to the eye you will see that a black pupil because there is no reflected light from inside the eye). But if you look at your eye examination ophthalmoscope, the device illuminate the inside of the eye so you can see the entry area of the optic nerve and called this region optic disc and see arteries and veins entering and leaving him. This is important in the diagnosis of many diseases.

The second layer of the eye: a layer of blood vessels

The second layer of the eye: a layer of blood vessels
They include iris and body Mahdb and choroid.
Iris Iris: a layer is not only colorful but that fibers and blood vessels. They contain rounded muscle work on pupil diameter stenosis (constrictor muscle of the pupil) that they do it if the light was shining so less light inside the eye. And receive directives from device Allasmbthaway which sends her nerve fibers with third cranial nerve.
There are other muscle working on expansion Albabo (extended muscle of the pupil), which responds to a sympathetic (or emotional) and work on the expansion slot pupil if the place was dark in order to increase the amount of light entering the eye. Well, it works if man is affected, for example, if his heart may love sympathetic because the device works to expand the pupil and increased heart rate and sweating.
The outer edge of the iris (the root) stick Pal sclera and ciliary body.
Called the iris and ciliary body together: anterior uvea.

In front of and behind the iris no liquid water Aqueous humor, which is important because it determines how the eye pressure is from the inside. He is like a little thick water which fills the space between the iris and cornea the anterior chamber of the Imam, and the iris and the posterior chamber lens from behind.Working fluid in the anterior part of the eye:Maintain eye pressure to a certain degree.Maintaining the cornea with a certain degree of concavity.Provide food and oxygen to the lens of the eye and the cornea and carry waste.Contains some antibodies.Exam question comes in: Since the cornea does not contain blood vessels (to remain transparent) from where comes its food? Any layer of the cornea is that absorb food and that it is important to maintain them?
Do not mix liquid front watery fluid back thick gel because of the lens and the region around it acts as a barrier between the two.
Produces watery fluid in the rear compartment (between the lens and the iris) by the ciliary body especially from non-colored cells in the ciliary body. Then walking among the narrow space between the lens and the iris, then passes through the Strait of pupil, up to the front chamber between the iris and cornea. There it's time to return to the circulation of the blood and when it passes into channel Shalem place in front of the iris root is a network of veins which means the eye goes into circulation.
If you got a problem in the discharge of liquid water, it leads to increased internal eye pressure, either suddenly or gradually be chronically. Called Status: black water, or Alklakoma. GlaucomaReason not to discharge liquid water normally is either defect in the veins which pulls liquid water or due to blockage in the discharge area, this blockage occurs in the case of iris half expanded expansion Vtdguet roots on the drainage area is working to prevent discharges.If a sudden event the person feels terrible pain in the eye, and sees halos and Taatochoc vision because the cornea to swell. Here ambulance patient must immediately before damage occurs to the optic nerve.But if it stepped up the pressure gradually you will not notice the injured and Satlv optic nerve gradually due to increased pressure on him, and the first thing that fade is the vision that the remaining edges only central vision.If there is damage to the optic nerve can not repair the damage.So it must intervene first suspect in the disease by measuring eye pressure when an eye doctor and know whether natural or upward.

Definition of the human eye and work in humans

Definition of the human eye and work in humans

Eye:Is football exists in the eye socket and a diameter of 2.4 cm in the adult human. , Which differ by 1 - 2 mm only among the people.Consists of three main layers:1 - the hard outer layer. It is of two parts:Back named scleraAnterior part named: corneasclera:Be five sixths of the rear of the eye, a strong layer because it is full of fiber and protein collagen. These layer in thin children more than adults, and sometimes dye that can be seen underneath so that the white of the eye color seems a little white on blue. In the elderly, it is deposited where some fat seems tilted slightly to yellowing. (In the case of Asfrarha clearly should pay attention to liver disease).This layer related to the membrane cruel mother that encases the brain.This class works:It protects the eye because they are solid.Be where you stick to it, the eye muscles that move the eyeball.Maintain the spherical shape of the eye.Thickness of this layer is 1 mm at the rear, to 0.3 mm in place of muscle adhesion.


 
cornea:Is the front part of the outer layer of the eye and be persistent with it and stretch her.But be transparent and consists of 5 layers. It is very important to remain transparent because they allow the passage of light from the outside to the inside of the eye. It is important to be curved correctly to allow encountered unbroken light rays and thus fall on the retina in the eye.It consists of: fabric layer over me epithelium then layer Bowman Bowman's layer, stroma, and then Descemet's membrane and finally to the inside endothelium.

Corneal nerves

Corneal nerves:
 

Moving sense of corneas by section kind of fifth cranial nerve, and this nerve is very important because if exposure to anesthesia (eg to remove a foreign body from the eye) or if damaged, the feeling in the cornea becomes nonexistent, leading to the eye does not react if touching the cornea something like a foreign body, the result is that the infected eye ulceration and ultimately serious damage occurs. So it's important to keep an eye covered if hurt sensory nerve from any cause.

 

 

Lacrimal system

Lacrimal system:LocatedLocated above each eye lacrimal gland. Lacrimal glands shape, such as the amygdala, which is excreted water layer covering the eye.Lacrimal gland is divided into part eyebrows and a loud voice part, divided by the upper tarsal muscle lever Levator palpebrae superioris muscle and parts are connected with each other.
Part Amahgra: This is the biggest part and is located in the lacrimal fossa bone in the quarry. It contains a minute channels combine to be 3-5 main channels, and these channels unite eyebrow and part of the there enters tears to the eye.Part eyebrow: its bottom part is close to the eye. If at our heart Supreme brow shows this part.
Tears gathered in the angle between the upper eyebrow and the eye, and then passes on the surface of the eye and from the point lacrimal lacrimal puncta.
Sensory nerves come from the fifth cranial nerve (which gives branches Dmaaa of the lacrimal gland)Albarasimbthawayh nerves come from lacrimal nucleus in the pons and going in the seventh the Qahvs nerve that reflect the geniculate ganglion node after this node branch out of the seventh cranial nerve named: greater petrosal nerve which fiber Albarasimbthawayh which go to the lacrimal gland Fathvzha secretion.Asambthawayh nerves come from superior cervical ganglion to the lacrimal gland.

Arterial processing: comes lacrimal gland lacrimal artery, which is a branch of the ophthalmic artery. Venous blood return through the superior ophthalmic vein.

Scalp

Scalp:
Scalp borders on the front face and sides of the neck.
One of the 5 layers (of characters named Scalp):
S: The skin is skin and the hair grows is rich in blood vessels.
C: Connective tissue: a fabric link (or so-called connective tissue) and is a thin layer of fat and fiber under the skin.
A: The aponeurosis or galea aponeurotica: is the layer under the full fabric. A powerful layer of fibrous tissue which runs from the front muscle frontalis muscle from the front to the occipitalis at the back.
L: The loose areolar connective tissue: is a thin layer and here happen Rip and separate the scalp from the rest of the tissue underneath. It is important for surgeons. And sometimes called (the danger zone) because germs can be spread easily through the veins that take blood from the intracranial emissary veins. It is fragile because it is composed of collagen fibers of collagen I and type of collagen III and be rich in blood vessels and cells.Also possible that the blood spread to a distance if there is bleeding, and possible to reach the cheek and upper eyelids to the eyes.Three upper layers well-adherent to each other can not be separated from each other but separation occurs scalp what is underneath in this fragile layer.
P: The pericranium is the periosteum: any tissue overlying the bones of the skull, which provides food for the bones and helps to heal the bone.
If there is a wound in the scalp must stitches. Raises thread after 7 days. Do not forget that there is always a risk of contamination with tetanus bacteria should wash the wound with clean water and give a needle to prevent tetanus.
Scalp very rich in blood vessels and blood vessels open up to each other, if Angeran they bleed heavily and can not stop bleeding easily by pressing any of Alaoabh and pressure alone but must place on the wound.If we assume that the scalp seceded from everywhere except from one place enters the artery, it will not die because the artery provides all the scalp. This property is used by surgeons in operations where separate part of the scalp to change their place (for example, to cover the place where burns), but part stay alive if there is an artery comes to him fed.

 

Small veins that pass through the scalp do not contain valves in the walls and relate in the veins inside the skull.
The problem is that the inflammation is possible to move through these veins of dandruff into the skull. But thank God that the venous blood walks of intracranial abroad

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