General
facts about kidney stones and planting
Chronic kidney disease is common and harmless and treatable, which is a healthy phenomenon significant social, and states that more than 500 million people around the world (10 per cent of the global population) have some degree of kidney, and still 90 per cent of people with chronic kidney disease ignorant, and that the cost of the treatment of renal insufficiency taking final rise which constitutes an obstacle economically for approved expenses for health, especially in developing countries.
And renal function must be investigated in order to discover or deny the presence of chronic kidney disease in people exposed are: People with diabetes, high blood pressure, and obese people, and smokers, and 50-year-old abused, and relatives of patients or kidney patients. Also emphasizes regular check-ups to ensure the safety of the kidneys as well as blood pressure.
In the event of the discovery of any kidney problem can work on:
Delay the deterioration of renal or stop harm to renal failure.
Prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Early detection and treatment application to sustain life.
Kidney Transplantation
The kidney is the main member effective in the urinary system, which consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urinary tract. The human body contains kidneys are located on either side of the spine behind the peritoneum, and kidney bean-like beans, and the average total length of 11 centimeters, while weighing between 120 and 170 grams.
The basic function of the college is a blood purifier of most of the waste produced by biological processes, as college maintains salt and water balance in the body and persistence, as well as they maintain a balance blood pressure and bone health and blood hormone manufacturing production.
Known as kidney transplants, as the process of the transfer of healthy kidney from a donor to the future of his kidneys stopped working permanently to serve as kidneys failed.
The donor is a person who is taken by him (such as the kidney) and transferred to another person during surgery. There are two main sources of the kidneys, two near living donor or the donor is a relative or after brain death.
Living Donor
Process achieved great results and a high success rate, as well as the possibility of setting a date agriculture and thus the patient is prepared well to receive college. Donors classified as follows:
1 - a living donor close consanguinity: brother, sister, son, parents, sons and daughters of cousins, the sons and daughters of uncles.
2 - a living donor close brotherhood breast, and this requires to bring legal document to prove it.
3 - Living Donor close relationship marriage (husband - wife).
4 - a living donor continued to swap program kidneys, where it is exchanged donors alive for two patients different proven convenient both to donate to their relatives, as a result of the different blood types or cliques textile and adaptation immune system, and this calls for a written approval official by the two families.
5 - a living donor program continued living unrelated donors, which was adopted recently in the Kingdom under the supervision of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation is subject to specific laws and regulations and procedures studied.
Before being accepted living donor and surveys necessary must make sure that he wants to donate one of his kidneys willingly and without any coercion or pressure of any kind, has shown most global reports that donating a kidney does not cause any harm or damage to the donor, whether short-term or run, but can be given to the donor a sense of relief and satisfaction to save someone's life from the clutches of the disease.
Deceased donor brain
This depends source to obtain kidneys from people who prove injury death stroke, and after that is the approval of their parents, and then are kidney transplant for a patient enrolled on a waiting list depending on the priority, and because of the availability of kidney from this source, the registration of any patient renal failure final on the waiting list is after the completion of medical tests.
It is worth mentioning that the state of brain death is a situation where the donor is deceased is legal and legitimate, despite the fact that his heart continues to pulse with the assistance of medical devices only, and decides diagnosis of brain death usually physicians experienced long and wide with no connection to donate organs or conduct agriculture aid of the Mtbakan very precise criteria and medically proven.
Access to kidney from deceased brain of human capital locally and globally, and is one of the goals created Kidney Centers in the world, including Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, so as to ensure an equitable distribution of these organs between different centers for organ transplants in the UK, and thus distributed to patients right by him the priority each center.
And usually a wait for a kidney transplant from a brain dead donor relatively long because of the large numbers of patients compared numbers donated kidney, and the success rate for this type of agriculture is less represented in the process of agriculture from a nearby neighborhood.
Kidney transplant
Which itself is relatively simple and uncomplicated, where kidney transplants are placed in the front lower abdomen on the right or the left. Is reached renal artery and vein with a pelvic arteries and veins of and instills the ureter directly into the bladder. This process takes about 3 hours in the habit.
Often kidney recipients can leave my bed within a day or two and needs to stay in the hospital about two weeks during which placed under observation and undergoing frequent tests to make sure there is no case of rejection of the kidney cultivated or any other surgical problems.
The patient needs after discharge from the hospital to follow-up minutes at the outset be comparable periods and then later become farther apart, knowing that he will remain an ongoing need for tests and kidney function and modifying drugs from time to time as determined by your doctor.
Kidney rejection
The most serious complications that may occur to the patient after the operation is his body's rejection of transplanted kidneys. And help anti-rejection drugs (immunosuppressive drugs) to prevent rejection, and restrict patient tests depending on the doctor's instructions, in the early detection of any rejection episodes and treated with additional drugs in a timely manner. One of the most important signs and symptoms of kidney rejection following:
High temperature.
Flu-like symptoms.
Decrease the amount of urine or change in color.
Pain and redness at the site of the wound.
Swelling in the body.
A sudden increase in weight.
Effects of kidney transplants
Weight gain after agriculture. May occur excessive increase in weight after kidney transplants, because the patient became available to him eat what he wants to eat what was forbidden to him before the operation, as well as what some medicines from a positive effect to open the appetite. The patient must planter kidney diet adherence and organize food as advised by the doctor and dietitian.
Infection after renal transplantation. Of problems that may occur to the person after kidney transplants and take treatment with drugs Immunosuppressive is an infection and willingness to infection infections bacterial unusual at times; therefore, must inform the doctor about any symptoms such as high fever and coughing up being treated with the right medications at the right time.
Taking medications
Patient planter kidney needs to several drugs, most notably the immunosuppressive drugs (such as steroids, and cyclosporine, and Albrooaqrav, and Alamiuran and other modern medicines immunosuppressive) needed for life, in addition to drugs to protect against viruses and bacteria, as well as drugs to control blood pressure or sugar when you need it.
Tips for kidney planter
Commitment to take the medicine in quantities and at times specified by the physician with precision and discipline.
Attendance to the clinic for testing and follow-up with your doctor.
Monitoring of signs of rejection and infection and any medical complications and see a doctor immediately.
Physical exercise as endurance.
Review food in order to avoid obesity.
To carry out the business by the ability of the body.
For women, advises Ms. you want to postpone pregnancy until after two years of kidney transplants, and ask your doctor about the options for contraception.
Kidney stones in men .. Common and painful condition
A guarantor prevention diet including
Throughout history, had kidney stones represent a disaster for the men; even if that problem were detected in Egyptian mummies dating back to 7000. This problem has become more common in modern history, more than any other time, in the United States, increased prevalence of kidney stones, including 3.2 per cent in the mid-seventies to 5.2 per cent in the mid-nineties, and still rate continues to increase.At present, caused kidney stones in the visit about 3 million Americans to doctors' offices during the past year alone, including 500 thousand visits to emergency rooms, while the need between 5 and 10 per cent of people with kidney stones to care within hospitals.
The kidney stone is a big problem caused by small particles have a size of less than ten per inch (about 2.5 millimeters). Although it is a painful problem, can have serious consequences, they are treatable, preventable.
At risk of injury
* Who gets kidney stones?
Often kidney stones affect men, although the women also develop, the proportion of infected men of weakness. In general, get more than one for each 8-American men kidney stones during the period of their lives; longer period most vulnerable between 20 and 50 years of age, and reaches a peak in the thirtieth.
The men who have a family record of infection stones are more likely two and a half times of men who do not have a family history of injury. There are other factors contributing to susceptibility to kidney stones are listed in the window that comes later, where they can overcome many of them.
But the people most at risk at all are exposed to infection stones before, because the stones tend to return to the patients, and even become sick stones more likely by 50 per cent to form more stones after 5 to 7 years from the first injury.
Causes of gallstones
* Although the urine liquid sounds simple, it really means very complex contains hundreds of chemicals, including a lot of minerals. But if they become over saturated metals, they tend to form crystals which combine with protein and turn into small stones and then turn to the large stones. The overload and saturation be pebbles happens if what has been an excessive amount of secretion minerals in the urine, or if the decreased intensity of urine due to drought.
In about 80 per cent of cases, the metal was the main form of kidney stones is calcium, often in conjunction with oxalate, but he was sometimes accompanied by phosphates or other materials. In fewer cases, kidney stones composed of uric acid (5 per cent to 10 per cent) or Alstrovi (5 per cent to 15 per cent), in rare cases, contain other chemicals such as the Sistine or even some specific medicines.
Symptoms
* Although most kidney stones are formed, they do not always cause symptoms until moving to a narrower part of the kidney or ureter, a tight muscle channel carries urine to the bladder. And can cause the stones formed in the narrow corridor of the urinary tract in 3 main problems:
* Pain .. Called renal colic, and is one of the most acute pain. It is caused by the presence of something impedes the flow of urine; concentrated pressure behind the area filled by stones, causing painful swelling of sensitive structures.
Usually pain echoed throughout the urinary tract, a strong start in the back above the kidneys and moves to the lower region of the abdomen, and pelvis, and even reproductive organs. The pain usually starts suddenly and quickly becomes unbearable. And renal colic is often associated nausea and vomiting, not because there is a relationship between the stones and stomach, but because the pain becomes very sharp.
Usually moves people with colic renal violent movement and ينكمشون and wrapped continuously in a desperate attempt to find a comfortable situation, and help that way in cramping doctors to distinguish between pain of kidney stones and pain bowel disease, especially inflammation الرتوج (vesicles colon) and appendectomy that make patients lying still.
Despite the pain lasts for several hours, it usually ends as suddenly as it began. And ends with colic when the stone moves from the narrow part to a wider area such as the bladder, and therefore do not become obstructive path urine. But when you reach to the urinary tract calculi narrow, it can cause other problems, including repeated desire to urinate, and the existence of an urgent desire to urinate and heartburn.
* Bleeding .. In severe cases, gallstones can cause bleeding in the urine. Although the color of your urine is usually reddish, it seems net for the naked eye, but research revealed that urine contains a large number of red blood cells when Checked microscope. For patients lucky not to be subjected to bouts of pain, bleeding usually is why the discovery of the presence of kidney stones.
* Detention urine .. When you are satisfied with stones in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine, thus increasing pressure on the kidneys, causing swollen with fluid, a condition known as «enlarged kidneys. And trying to kidney protect itself by secreting less urine but they can be exposed to permanent damage if continued obstruction or detention, but that case is not common unless continued obstruction silently without symptoms such as pain or bleeding where Akunan usually an indication of the need to quick fix.
Diagnosis
* The computerized tomography or C-T the best way to monitor kidney stones. The C-T spiral test standard, but there are newer technologies lower doses are specifically designed to search for the stones have the same degree of effectiveness except for obese. And despite the fact that ultrasound is not as efficient itself, it is the first choice for children and pregnant women, because they do not use radiation, and doctors also used to follow the evolution of the presence of kidney stones. And rarely used the old-fashioned way; imaging Alihubi venous «my» intravenous pyelogram ((IVP in medical centers.
There are other tests that can also benefit. If the stone contains enough calcium in order to appear on the X-ray, the normal imaging can track its location during treatment. The urinalysis is important, as well as urine farm, because they help to monitor the infection. Should also ask your doctor blood test to measure kidney function «that creatine and levels of chemicals that may relate to formation of stones (calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid, and electrolyte). In some cases, it can help analyze the stones and collect samples of urine 24 hours, doctors in determining the best way to prevent infection with more stones, and unlike other tests, should be delayed such assessments metabolic until after 4 to 6 weeks treatment of acute infection stones.
Medical treatment
* The first step is to treat pain. There are treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, which can solve the problem for some patients, but many patients need a strong injection to relieve the pain, such as substance abuse.
The second step is to break up the stones so that they can pass with urine. The fluid can help in the expulsion of the stones, but because of the pain and nausea some patients need to get fluids through a vein in the beginning.
It may be time and fluids is all it takes to get rid of gallstones small as that in 68 per cent of cases, pass stones which amounts to 5 millimeters or less immediately, but the rate drops to 47 per cent if the size stones is from 6 to 10 millimeters.
And drugs that can help the stones on the traffic. The «alpha blockers» are the best, which is famous as the drugs that make urination easier for men with hypertrophic prostate, and is working on muscle relaxants in the ureter (in addition to the prostate and bladder neck), and is working to expand channels to allow the passage stones with urine. And alpha blockers help »(Alpha blockers) about 81 per cent of the stones on the traffic, and the best type of the study underwent« tamsulosin (Filomaks). The nifedipine (equations, Berukardia, and others) that prevents the passage of calcium from other options to break up the stones which achieves a success rate of 75 per cent.
Stronger treatments
* Although some stones that do not cause problems probably do not need to treat, most large and small stones that do not pass on the spot or through fragmentation processes may require stronger treatments. In the past, remove gallstones usually require surgery open, but there are 3 platforms other made surgery pebbles part of the past, where most preferred specialists currently either treatment waves shocks to break up stones, or telescope ureter for stones small and medium-sized, or telescope kidney ( percutaneous ureteroscopy) when batters each, or for the treatment of larger stones, and in other specific cases.
The term «lithotripsy» commonplace, and because it comes from Greek words meaning 'crush the stones' means very accurate.
Begin the process of fragmentation of calculi shock waves through the creation of shock waves outside the patient's body is then direct those waves through the skin and tissues of the body to hit the stones which disintegrate into small pieces. If all goes well - and it usually happens - the parts of the stones pass through the urine immediately, and can be for medical treatment of the bombing using Baltamsolcin (tamsulosin) to facilitate that process. And that process needs to anesthesia process, but a lot of cases can be made without the patient having to stay in hospital. The patient suffers from bruising under the skin and mild pain in the back and blood in the urine for several days, but there is no confirmed previous concerns about damage to the kidneys, or diabetes, or hypertension. Perhaps you need parts stones that do not pass the additional treatment may include sometimes put a channel or a stent in the urethra until it passes parts.
Telescope ureter
* The telescope ureter of other unfamiliar terms, where they were carefully chosen because it means passing a fiber optic telescope through the urinary tract and bladder, and then up to the ureter, which was suspended by the stones.
The telescope passes through two passages; make use of two doctors to review the corridor, pebbles, and attacking the stones pass through their gadgets through the second corridor. In some cases, specialists uses a device like a network to pick up stones and pushed it through the ureter, and mostly using lasers to break up the stones into small pieces. New technologies have reduced and smaller telescopes of the need to use a pillar after ureter telescope operations is complex.
Also used in kidney telescope also a fiber optic channel to reach the stones but to get there from a different direction; Rather than pass the telescope across the tracks nature of the urinary stream creates doctors industrial corridor through the skin to the renal cavity where urine collects before passing to the ureter. As seen through the display Laparoscopic, the doctor uses channel operating laser to break stones or other devices, then uses or Mlqata network or suction tool to remove parts of Haswa.
The leaves doctors small drainage channel in place for several days during the recovery period. And usually do not need that process only a local anesthetic, but some patients remain in the hospital for several days.
And despite the fact that fragmentation through binoculars kidney more inclusive of shock waves and fragmentation telescope ureter, often are postponed for large and complex cases or in the case of several stones or other special cases. Like the ureter and fragmentation telescope shock waves it effectively and safely. In addition to the pain of kidney stones, the 3 work together to remind men that prevention is better than cure.
Analysis of the stones
* Although the proper diet, especially eating copious amounts of water is the basis for any program to prevent gallstones, the specific changes to lifestyle and treatments depend on the type of stones in question.
* The first step: to identify the chemical composition of the stones. If you're lucky enough to find the stones after passing, was presented to the doctor for analysis. Or you can filter the urine through a test or paper filter (candidate) coffee to capture small parts. In most cases, you will have to collect urine samples over the past 24 hours for analysis. He made a bit different; because some doctors asking for analysis after removing a pebble, while some limited testing done on patients who have been exposed to infection stones more than once. The same applies to the analysis of blood that sometimes reveal levels of calcium or uric acid, but they are mostly natural, even in people who suffer from be constantly stones.
Diet for the prevention
* Both suffered from renal colic would be very enthusiastic for prevention. Fortunately, most cases succeed, as the prevention relies on combining diet and treatment for each type of gallstones. These are some things that must be taken into account:
* Water: lead intake and plenty of water to reduce the urine, and then do not turn metals to crystals turn into stones. And almost helps all kinds of liquids in that framework: water, coffee, and others, and even milk prevents stones calcium, while tea and drinks that contain carbon different date around, but juices apples and grapefruit may increase the risk of kidney stones.
The rule is that each was injured kidney stones should drink copious amounts of water, enough to pass at least half a gallon of urine a day. Which requires at least drink 10 cups of fluids, half of which must be of pure water, which means that never exceed Brad without water to drink. It means that you have to wake up from sleep at least once a night to urinate, and then drink a glass of water while you return to bed. A lifestyle needs to get used to it, but, of course, helps to overcome the need to go to the emergency room in a poor state of pain. When it comes to reducing the risk of kidney stones, the mitigation is the solution, or at least a large part of it.
Calcium and sodium
* Calcium: Most kidney stones contain calcium, and most of the men with calcium stones urine contains a large amount of calcium. I've had high calcium has been known for years, but the main reason was discovered recently. In most cases the defect is not in the kidneys but in the intestinal passage, where most of the suffering of persons who have kidney stones from a defect in the intestine allowed to absorb as much as the highest calcium from food. And must go calcium overload somewhere, which already goes into the urine.
If the increased absorption of calcium is the main reason for kidney stones, the solution seems obvious: reduce the calcium in the diet. Indeed, it was the main approaches to prevention.
Whether it's common or not it wrong, instead of helping in the prevention of kidney stones, makes reducing calcium intake matters worse, and given that the amount of calcium in food mixes as normal food prevents the body from absorbing oxalate whether dietary calcium is low , the body absorbs more of oxalate that come out in the urine, where they can eventually be linked to calcium and calcium oxalate crystals that turn into stones.
On the other hand, revealed a study conducted by Harvard University on 45,619 men, a lot of information about diet and kidney stones. He has made all volunteers detailed information about their diet and remedies. None of them has a history of kidney stones injury when the study began, and during 4 years of observation, created by the stones in 505 of them. When the researchers compared the dietary calcium risk are stones, they discovered that men who consume greater calcium from food were less likely by 44 per cent to form stones than men who ate lower levels of dietary calcium.
The study found that dietary calcium was both preventive came across yogurt, or cheese, or yogurt, or orange, or broccoli. But calcium supplements increase the incidence of kidney stones: Because calcium in joining Balooxalat food in the food, but calcium supplements do not do it.
And then in order to prevent more common types of kidney stones, you should get the normal amount of calcium in your diet (about 1,000 milligrams per day for men between 19 and 70, and about 1,200 milligrams for others), but you should avoid calcium supplements. Should also reduce the dose of oxalate by reducing foods like Alroand, spinach, beets, potatoes, parsley, peanuts and Indian tea and chocolate. And fish oils may help to reduce the oxalate in the urine.
* Sodium: Because sodium diet (salt) increases the exit of calcium in the urine, more than diets that are filled with salt from the incidence of kidney stones, and usually help reduce salt to reduce the stones, which will also reduce the risk of high blood pressure and angina , stroke, cardiac and landing. And must be preserved most of the men to reduce the dose of sodium to less than 1,500 milligrams a day.
Vegetables and fruits
* Protein: by increasing the body burden of acids, dietary protein increases urinary calcium and uric acid, while reducing as much protective jackets in the urine. The animal proteins of factors most associated with kidney stones, and then give a kidney stone man is another reason to avoid red meat, or at least reduce it to least Oqatin day.
* Fruits and vegetables: Plant foods a lot of advantages including the prevention of kidney stones. The fruits that contain a high amount of potassium from the best, because they help to neutralize the acids in the urine. In addition to providing potassium, citrus fruits help promote jackets in the urine. The grapefruit exception, but you can multiply the benefits of grapefruit juice reduction by replacing lemon juice or berries.
* Calories: Obesity raises the chances of being injured kidney stones. Although weight control has not been studied as one of the factors to reduce the risk, it is a logical step and definitely a good step for the overall health. The best way to get rid of excess weight is the lazy way and fixed and muscle exercises and calorie restriction.
* Diet destruction: It may seem diet who has a little sodium and reasonable proportion of calcium and a limited amount of animal protein and a high proportion of fruit and vegetables familiar to men observers for «message Harvard to monitor men's health», which was established in the beginning to reduce the incidence of high blood pressure , where it is «nutritional approach to reduce high blood pressure is also relevant to reduce the risk of kidney stones.
Pharmaceutical
* You must proper diet reduces the risk of kidney stones, but men who need more assistance may benefit from treatment. The diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide (Alheidrodiorel, and Alazadricks, and Ganrak) is particularly useful due to the decrease urinary calcium. As potassium citrate reduces urinary calcium, and has additional features, such as it replaces potassium graduating diuretics. As decrease Aloleuprenol production of uric acid, which helps prevent uric acid stones, but also medication to treat gout reduces urinary calcium and reduces the risk of calcium stones. The important antibiotics to help fight the stones that are caused by infection in the urinary tract and contain Alstrovi, as there are available drugs to treat rare cystine stones.
Cure
* There are no stones can not be cured! Research has shed light on kidney stones has yielded encouraging results. It depends some progress on technological development, such as computed tomography class computerized to diagnose gallstones and binoculars ureter and kidney and shredding waves shocking, but there are also ways to intervene depends on the less-tech is also important, as the premises of food for kidney stones calcium has changed dramatically, and there are treatments simple proved effective in prevention. Each man spent a painful night in the emergency room will agree that prevention is worth making the effort.
* Harvard «monitoring the health of the man, of Tribune Media Services.
Factors help kidney stones
* Demographics:
* Masculinity.
* Family history.
* Caucasian.
* Middle-aged.
Dietary factors:
* Eating a limited amount of liquids.
* High sodium intake.
* High amount of animal protein intake.
* The high level of sugar food (whether sucrose or ordinary table sugar, or fructose, which is available in corn drinks).
* The use of calcium supplements.
* Low levels of dietary calcium.
* Low level materials Alvaati (available in a lot of grains and legumes).
Medical factors:
* Diabetes.
* Coronary artery disease.
* Obesity.
* Weight loss surgery.
* Gout.
* Increased activity of the thyroid gland.
* Colitis disease.
* Some types of urinary tract infection.
* Some kinds of distortions in the installation of the urinary tract.
Binoculars ureter
And when the telescope reveals its location, can be based laser or other devices the break or remove the stones.
* Telescope kidney «BUE RSS» (Percutaneous ureteroscope (PURS: pass doctors endoscope through the skin and down tissue to enter the kidneys. Then a doctor inserts a tool through the ureter to reach the stones from above. This is the telescope is more comprehensive than the telescope before.
Chronic kidney disease is common and harmless and treatable, which is a healthy phenomenon significant social, and states that more than 500 million people around the world (10 per cent of the global population) have some degree of kidney, and still 90 per cent of people with chronic kidney disease ignorant, and that the cost of the treatment of renal insufficiency taking final rise which constitutes an obstacle economically for approved expenses for health, especially in developing countries.
And renal function must be investigated in order to discover or deny the presence of chronic kidney disease in people exposed are: People with diabetes, high blood pressure, and obese people, and smokers, and 50-year-old abused, and relatives of patients or kidney patients. Also emphasizes regular check-ups to ensure the safety of the kidneys as well as blood pressure.
In the event of the discovery of any kidney problem can work on:
Delay the deterioration of renal or stop harm to renal failure.
Prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Early detection and treatment application to sustain life.
Kidney Transplantation
The kidney is the main member effective in the urinary system, which consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urinary tract. The human body contains kidneys are located on either side of the spine behind the peritoneum, and kidney bean-like beans, and the average total length of 11 centimeters, while weighing between 120 and 170 grams.
The basic function of the college is a blood purifier of most of the waste produced by biological processes, as college maintains salt and water balance in the body and persistence, as well as they maintain a balance blood pressure and bone health and blood hormone manufacturing production.
Known as kidney transplants, as the process of the transfer of healthy kidney from a donor to the future of his kidneys stopped working permanently to serve as kidneys failed.
The donor is a person who is taken by him (such as the kidney) and transferred to another person during surgery. There are two main sources of the kidneys, two near living donor or the donor is a relative or after brain death.
Living Donor
Process achieved great results and a high success rate, as well as the possibility of setting a date agriculture and thus the patient is prepared well to receive college. Donors classified as follows:
1 - a living donor close consanguinity: brother, sister, son, parents, sons and daughters of cousins, the sons and daughters of uncles.
2 - a living donor close brotherhood breast, and this requires to bring legal document to prove it.
3 - Living Donor close relationship marriage (husband - wife).
4 - a living donor continued to swap program kidneys, where it is exchanged donors alive for two patients different proven convenient both to donate to their relatives, as a result of the different blood types or cliques textile and adaptation immune system, and this calls for a written approval official by the two families.
5 - a living donor program continued living unrelated donors, which was adopted recently in the Kingdom under the supervision of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation is subject to specific laws and regulations and procedures studied.
Before being accepted living donor and surveys necessary must make sure that he wants to donate one of his kidneys willingly and without any coercion or pressure of any kind, has shown most global reports that donating a kidney does not cause any harm or damage to the donor, whether short-term or run, but can be given to the donor a sense of relief and satisfaction to save someone's life from the clutches of the disease.
Deceased donor brain
This depends source to obtain kidneys from people who prove injury death stroke, and after that is the approval of their parents, and then are kidney transplant for a patient enrolled on a waiting list depending on the priority, and because of the availability of kidney from this source, the registration of any patient renal failure final on the waiting list is after the completion of medical tests.
It is worth mentioning that the state of brain death is a situation where the donor is deceased is legal and legitimate, despite the fact that his heart continues to pulse with the assistance of medical devices only, and decides diagnosis of brain death usually physicians experienced long and wide with no connection to donate organs or conduct agriculture aid of the Mtbakan very precise criteria and medically proven.
Access to kidney from deceased brain of human capital locally and globally, and is one of the goals created Kidney Centers in the world, including Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, so as to ensure an equitable distribution of these organs between different centers for organ transplants in the UK, and thus distributed to patients right by him the priority each center.
And usually a wait for a kidney transplant from a brain dead donor relatively long because of the large numbers of patients compared numbers donated kidney, and the success rate for this type of agriculture is less represented in the process of agriculture from a nearby neighborhood.
Kidney transplant
Which itself is relatively simple and uncomplicated, where kidney transplants are placed in the front lower abdomen on the right or the left. Is reached renal artery and vein with a pelvic arteries and veins of and instills the ureter directly into the bladder. This process takes about 3 hours in the habit.
Often kidney recipients can leave my bed within a day or two and needs to stay in the hospital about two weeks during which placed under observation and undergoing frequent tests to make sure there is no case of rejection of the kidney cultivated or any other surgical problems.
The patient needs after discharge from the hospital to follow-up minutes at the outset be comparable periods and then later become farther apart, knowing that he will remain an ongoing need for tests and kidney function and modifying drugs from time to time as determined by your doctor.
Kidney rejection
The most serious complications that may occur to the patient after the operation is his body's rejection of transplanted kidneys. And help anti-rejection drugs (immunosuppressive drugs) to prevent rejection, and restrict patient tests depending on the doctor's instructions, in the early detection of any rejection episodes and treated with additional drugs in a timely manner. One of the most important signs and symptoms of kidney rejection following:
High temperature.
Flu-like symptoms.
Decrease the amount of urine or change in color.
Pain and redness at the site of the wound.
Swelling in the body.
A sudden increase in weight.
Effects of kidney transplants
Weight gain after agriculture. May occur excessive increase in weight after kidney transplants, because the patient became available to him eat what he wants to eat what was forbidden to him before the operation, as well as what some medicines from a positive effect to open the appetite. The patient must planter kidney diet adherence and organize food as advised by the doctor and dietitian.
Infection after renal transplantation. Of problems that may occur to the person after kidney transplants and take treatment with drugs Immunosuppressive is an infection and willingness to infection infections bacterial unusual at times; therefore, must inform the doctor about any symptoms such as high fever and coughing up being treated with the right medications at the right time.
Taking medications
Patient planter kidney needs to several drugs, most notably the immunosuppressive drugs (such as steroids, and cyclosporine, and Albrooaqrav, and Alamiuran and other modern medicines immunosuppressive) needed for life, in addition to drugs to protect against viruses and bacteria, as well as drugs to control blood pressure or sugar when you need it.
Tips for kidney planter
Commitment to take the medicine in quantities and at times specified by the physician with precision and discipline.
Attendance to the clinic for testing and follow-up with your doctor.
Monitoring of signs of rejection and infection and any medical complications and see a doctor immediately.
Physical exercise as endurance.
Review food in order to avoid obesity.
To carry out the business by the ability of the body.
For women, advises Ms. you want to postpone pregnancy until after two years of kidney transplants, and ask your doctor about the options for contraception.
Kidney stones in men .. Common and painful condition
A guarantor prevention diet including
Throughout history, had kidney stones represent a disaster for the men; even if that problem were detected in Egyptian mummies dating back to 7000. This problem has become more common in modern history, more than any other time, in the United States, increased prevalence of kidney stones, including 3.2 per cent in the mid-seventies to 5.2 per cent in the mid-nineties, and still rate continues to increase.At present, caused kidney stones in the visit about 3 million Americans to doctors' offices during the past year alone, including 500 thousand visits to emergency rooms, while the need between 5 and 10 per cent of people with kidney stones to care within hospitals.
The kidney stone is a big problem caused by small particles have a size of less than ten per inch (about 2.5 millimeters). Although it is a painful problem, can have serious consequences, they are treatable, preventable.
At risk of injury
* Who gets kidney stones?
Often kidney stones affect men, although the women also develop, the proportion of infected men of weakness. In general, get more than one for each 8-American men kidney stones during the period of their lives; longer period most vulnerable between 20 and 50 years of age, and reaches a peak in the thirtieth.
The men who have a family record of infection stones are more likely two and a half times of men who do not have a family history of injury. There are other factors contributing to susceptibility to kidney stones are listed in the window that comes later, where they can overcome many of them.
But the people most at risk at all are exposed to infection stones before, because the stones tend to return to the patients, and even become sick stones more likely by 50 per cent to form more stones after 5 to 7 years from the first injury.
Causes of gallstones
* Although the urine liquid sounds simple, it really means very complex contains hundreds of chemicals, including a lot of minerals. But if they become over saturated metals, they tend to form crystals which combine with protein and turn into small stones and then turn to the large stones. The overload and saturation be pebbles happens if what has been an excessive amount of secretion minerals in the urine, or if the decreased intensity of urine due to drought.
In about 80 per cent of cases, the metal was the main form of kidney stones is calcium, often in conjunction with oxalate, but he was sometimes accompanied by phosphates or other materials. In fewer cases, kidney stones composed of uric acid (5 per cent to 10 per cent) or Alstrovi (5 per cent to 15 per cent), in rare cases, contain other chemicals such as the Sistine or even some specific medicines.
Symptoms
* Although most kidney stones are formed, they do not always cause symptoms until moving to a narrower part of the kidney or ureter, a tight muscle channel carries urine to the bladder. And can cause the stones formed in the narrow corridor of the urinary tract in 3 main problems:
* Pain .. Called renal colic, and is one of the most acute pain. It is caused by the presence of something impedes the flow of urine; concentrated pressure behind the area filled by stones, causing painful swelling of sensitive structures.
Usually pain echoed throughout the urinary tract, a strong start in the back above the kidneys and moves to the lower region of the abdomen, and pelvis, and even reproductive organs. The pain usually starts suddenly and quickly becomes unbearable. And renal colic is often associated nausea and vomiting, not because there is a relationship between the stones and stomach, but because the pain becomes very sharp.
Usually moves people with colic renal violent movement and ينكمشون and wrapped continuously in a desperate attempt to find a comfortable situation, and help that way in cramping doctors to distinguish between pain of kidney stones and pain bowel disease, especially inflammation الرتوج (vesicles colon) and appendectomy that make patients lying still.
Despite the pain lasts for several hours, it usually ends as suddenly as it began. And ends with colic when the stone moves from the narrow part to a wider area such as the bladder, and therefore do not become obstructive path urine. But when you reach to the urinary tract calculi narrow, it can cause other problems, including repeated desire to urinate, and the existence of an urgent desire to urinate and heartburn.
* Bleeding .. In severe cases, gallstones can cause bleeding in the urine. Although the color of your urine is usually reddish, it seems net for the naked eye, but research revealed that urine contains a large number of red blood cells when Checked microscope. For patients lucky not to be subjected to bouts of pain, bleeding usually is why the discovery of the presence of kidney stones.
* Detention urine .. When you are satisfied with stones in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine, thus increasing pressure on the kidneys, causing swollen with fluid, a condition known as «enlarged kidneys. And trying to kidney protect itself by secreting less urine but they can be exposed to permanent damage if continued obstruction or detention, but that case is not common unless continued obstruction silently without symptoms such as pain or bleeding where Akunan usually an indication of the need to quick fix.
Diagnosis
* The computerized tomography or C-T the best way to monitor kidney stones. The C-T spiral test standard, but there are newer technologies lower doses are specifically designed to search for the stones have the same degree of effectiveness except for obese. And despite the fact that ultrasound is not as efficient itself, it is the first choice for children and pregnant women, because they do not use radiation, and doctors also used to follow the evolution of the presence of kidney stones. And rarely used the old-fashioned way; imaging Alihubi venous «my» intravenous pyelogram ((IVP in medical centers.
There are other tests that can also benefit. If the stone contains enough calcium in order to appear on the X-ray, the normal imaging can track its location during treatment. The urinalysis is important, as well as urine farm, because they help to monitor the infection. Should also ask your doctor blood test to measure kidney function «that creatine and levels of chemicals that may relate to formation of stones (calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid, and electrolyte). In some cases, it can help analyze the stones and collect samples of urine 24 hours, doctors in determining the best way to prevent infection with more stones, and unlike other tests, should be delayed such assessments metabolic until after 4 to 6 weeks treatment of acute infection stones.
Medical treatment
* The first step is to treat pain. There are treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, which can solve the problem for some patients, but many patients need a strong injection to relieve the pain, such as substance abuse.
The second step is to break up the stones so that they can pass with urine. The fluid can help in the expulsion of the stones, but because of the pain and nausea some patients need to get fluids through a vein in the beginning.
It may be time and fluids is all it takes to get rid of gallstones small as that in 68 per cent of cases, pass stones which amounts to 5 millimeters or less immediately, but the rate drops to 47 per cent if the size stones is from 6 to 10 millimeters.
And drugs that can help the stones on the traffic. The «alpha blockers» are the best, which is famous as the drugs that make urination easier for men with hypertrophic prostate, and is working on muscle relaxants in the ureter (in addition to the prostate and bladder neck), and is working to expand channels to allow the passage stones with urine. And alpha blockers help »(Alpha blockers) about 81 per cent of the stones on the traffic, and the best type of the study underwent« tamsulosin (Filomaks). The nifedipine (equations, Berukardia, and others) that prevents the passage of calcium from other options to break up the stones which achieves a success rate of 75 per cent.
Stronger treatments
* Although some stones that do not cause problems probably do not need to treat, most large and small stones that do not pass on the spot or through fragmentation processes may require stronger treatments. In the past, remove gallstones usually require surgery open, but there are 3 platforms other made surgery pebbles part of the past, where most preferred specialists currently either treatment waves shocks to break up stones, or telescope ureter for stones small and medium-sized, or telescope kidney ( percutaneous ureteroscopy) when batters each, or for the treatment of larger stones, and in other specific cases.
The term «lithotripsy» commonplace, and because it comes from Greek words meaning 'crush the stones' means very accurate.
Begin the process of fragmentation of calculi shock waves through the creation of shock waves outside the patient's body is then direct those waves through the skin and tissues of the body to hit the stones which disintegrate into small pieces. If all goes well - and it usually happens - the parts of the stones pass through the urine immediately, and can be for medical treatment of the bombing using Baltamsolcin (tamsulosin) to facilitate that process. And that process needs to anesthesia process, but a lot of cases can be made without the patient having to stay in hospital. The patient suffers from bruising under the skin and mild pain in the back and blood in the urine for several days, but there is no confirmed previous concerns about damage to the kidneys, or diabetes, or hypertension. Perhaps you need parts stones that do not pass the additional treatment may include sometimes put a channel or a stent in the urethra until it passes parts.
Telescope ureter
* The telescope ureter of other unfamiliar terms, where they were carefully chosen because it means passing a fiber optic telescope through the urinary tract and bladder, and then up to the ureter, which was suspended by the stones.
The telescope passes through two passages; make use of two doctors to review the corridor, pebbles, and attacking the stones pass through their gadgets through the second corridor. In some cases, specialists uses a device like a network to pick up stones and pushed it through the ureter, and mostly using lasers to break up the stones into small pieces. New technologies have reduced and smaller telescopes of the need to use a pillar after ureter telescope operations is complex.
Also used in kidney telescope also a fiber optic channel to reach the stones but to get there from a different direction; Rather than pass the telescope across the tracks nature of the urinary stream creates doctors industrial corridor through the skin to the renal cavity where urine collects before passing to the ureter. As seen through the display Laparoscopic, the doctor uses channel operating laser to break stones or other devices, then uses or Mlqata network or suction tool to remove parts of Haswa.
The leaves doctors small drainage channel in place for several days during the recovery period. And usually do not need that process only a local anesthetic, but some patients remain in the hospital for several days.
And despite the fact that fragmentation through binoculars kidney more inclusive of shock waves and fragmentation telescope ureter, often are postponed for large and complex cases or in the case of several stones or other special cases. Like the ureter and fragmentation telescope shock waves it effectively and safely. In addition to the pain of kidney stones, the 3 work together to remind men that prevention is better than cure.
Analysis of the stones
* Although the proper diet, especially eating copious amounts of water is the basis for any program to prevent gallstones, the specific changes to lifestyle and treatments depend on the type of stones in question.
* The first step: to identify the chemical composition of the stones. If you're lucky enough to find the stones after passing, was presented to the doctor for analysis. Or you can filter the urine through a test or paper filter (candidate) coffee to capture small parts. In most cases, you will have to collect urine samples over the past 24 hours for analysis. He made a bit different; because some doctors asking for analysis after removing a pebble, while some limited testing done on patients who have been exposed to infection stones more than once. The same applies to the analysis of blood that sometimes reveal levels of calcium or uric acid, but they are mostly natural, even in people who suffer from be constantly stones.
Diet for the prevention
* Both suffered from renal colic would be very enthusiastic for prevention. Fortunately, most cases succeed, as the prevention relies on combining diet and treatment for each type of gallstones. These are some things that must be taken into account:
* Water: lead intake and plenty of water to reduce the urine, and then do not turn metals to crystals turn into stones. And almost helps all kinds of liquids in that framework: water, coffee, and others, and even milk prevents stones calcium, while tea and drinks that contain carbon different date around, but juices apples and grapefruit may increase the risk of kidney stones.
The rule is that each was injured kidney stones should drink copious amounts of water, enough to pass at least half a gallon of urine a day. Which requires at least drink 10 cups of fluids, half of which must be of pure water, which means that never exceed Brad without water to drink. It means that you have to wake up from sleep at least once a night to urinate, and then drink a glass of water while you return to bed. A lifestyle needs to get used to it, but, of course, helps to overcome the need to go to the emergency room in a poor state of pain. When it comes to reducing the risk of kidney stones, the mitigation is the solution, or at least a large part of it.
Calcium and sodium
* Calcium: Most kidney stones contain calcium, and most of the men with calcium stones urine contains a large amount of calcium. I've had high calcium has been known for years, but the main reason was discovered recently. In most cases the defect is not in the kidneys but in the intestinal passage, where most of the suffering of persons who have kidney stones from a defect in the intestine allowed to absorb as much as the highest calcium from food. And must go calcium overload somewhere, which already goes into the urine.
If the increased absorption of calcium is the main reason for kidney stones, the solution seems obvious: reduce the calcium in the diet. Indeed, it was the main approaches to prevention.
Whether it's common or not it wrong, instead of helping in the prevention of kidney stones, makes reducing calcium intake matters worse, and given that the amount of calcium in food mixes as normal food prevents the body from absorbing oxalate whether dietary calcium is low , the body absorbs more of oxalate that come out in the urine, where they can eventually be linked to calcium and calcium oxalate crystals that turn into stones.
On the other hand, revealed a study conducted by Harvard University on 45,619 men, a lot of information about diet and kidney stones. He has made all volunteers detailed information about their diet and remedies. None of them has a history of kidney stones injury when the study began, and during 4 years of observation, created by the stones in 505 of them. When the researchers compared the dietary calcium risk are stones, they discovered that men who consume greater calcium from food were less likely by 44 per cent to form stones than men who ate lower levels of dietary calcium.
The study found that dietary calcium was both preventive came across yogurt, or cheese, or yogurt, or orange, or broccoli. But calcium supplements increase the incidence of kidney stones: Because calcium in joining Balooxalat food in the food, but calcium supplements do not do it.
And then in order to prevent more common types of kidney stones, you should get the normal amount of calcium in your diet (about 1,000 milligrams per day for men between 19 and 70, and about 1,200 milligrams for others), but you should avoid calcium supplements. Should also reduce the dose of oxalate by reducing foods like Alroand, spinach, beets, potatoes, parsley, peanuts and Indian tea and chocolate. And fish oils may help to reduce the oxalate in the urine.
* Sodium: Because sodium diet (salt) increases the exit of calcium in the urine, more than diets that are filled with salt from the incidence of kidney stones, and usually help reduce salt to reduce the stones, which will also reduce the risk of high blood pressure and angina , stroke, cardiac and landing. And must be preserved most of the men to reduce the dose of sodium to less than 1,500 milligrams a day.
Vegetables and fruits
* Protein: by increasing the body burden of acids, dietary protein increases urinary calcium and uric acid, while reducing as much protective jackets in the urine. The animal proteins of factors most associated with kidney stones, and then give a kidney stone man is another reason to avoid red meat, or at least reduce it to least Oqatin day.
* Fruits and vegetables: Plant foods a lot of advantages including the prevention of kidney stones. The fruits that contain a high amount of potassium from the best, because they help to neutralize the acids in the urine. In addition to providing potassium, citrus fruits help promote jackets in the urine. The grapefruit exception, but you can multiply the benefits of grapefruit juice reduction by replacing lemon juice or berries.
* Calories: Obesity raises the chances of being injured kidney stones. Although weight control has not been studied as one of the factors to reduce the risk, it is a logical step and definitely a good step for the overall health. The best way to get rid of excess weight is the lazy way and fixed and muscle exercises and calorie restriction.
* Diet destruction: It may seem diet who has a little sodium and reasonable proportion of calcium and a limited amount of animal protein and a high proportion of fruit and vegetables familiar to men observers for «message Harvard to monitor men's health», which was established in the beginning to reduce the incidence of high blood pressure , where it is «nutritional approach to reduce high blood pressure is also relevant to reduce the risk of kidney stones.
Pharmaceutical
* You must proper diet reduces the risk of kidney stones, but men who need more assistance may benefit from treatment. The diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide (Alheidrodiorel, and Alazadricks, and Ganrak) is particularly useful due to the decrease urinary calcium. As potassium citrate reduces urinary calcium, and has additional features, such as it replaces potassium graduating diuretics. As decrease Aloleuprenol production of uric acid, which helps prevent uric acid stones, but also medication to treat gout reduces urinary calcium and reduces the risk of calcium stones. The important antibiotics to help fight the stones that are caused by infection in the urinary tract and contain Alstrovi, as there are available drugs to treat rare cystine stones.
Cure
* There are no stones can not be cured! Research has shed light on kidney stones has yielded encouraging results. It depends some progress on technological development, such as computed tomography class computerized to diagnose gallstones and binoculars ureter and kidney and shredding waves shocking, but there are also ways to intervene depends on the less-tech is also important, as the premises of food for kidney stones calcium has changed dramatically, and there are treatments simple proved effective in prevention. Each man spent a painful night in the emergency room will agree that prevention is worth making the effort.
* Harvard «monitoring the health of the man, of Tribune Media Services.
Factors help kidney stones
* Demographics:
* Masculinity.
* Family history.
* Caucasian.
* Middle-aged.
Dietary factors:
* Eating a limited amount of liquids.
* High sodium intake.
* High amount of animal protein intake.
* The high level of sugar food (whether sucrose or ordinary table sugar, or fructose, which is available in corn drinks).
* The use of calcium supplements.
* Low levels of dietary calcium.
* Low level materials Alvaati (available in a lot of grains and legumes).
Medical factors:
* Diabetes.
* Coronary artery disease.
* Obesity.
* Weight loss surgery.
* Gout.
* Increased activity of the thyroid gland.
* Colitis disease.
* Some types of urinary tract infection.
* Some kinds of distortions in the installation of the urinary tract.
Binoculars ureter
And when the telescope reveals its location, can be based laser or other devices the break or remove the stones.
* Telescope kidney «BUE RSS» (Percutaneous ureteroscope (PURS: pass doctors endoscope through the skin and down tissue to enter the kidneys. Then a doctor inserts a tool through the ureter to reach the stones from above. This is the telescope is more comprehensive than the telescope before.
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