Definition body
Alkhlayae and one by one
Cells differ in terms of their shape and their structure depending on their locations in the body, vital functions and form in different ways, some in the shape of a constant, such as sperm cells and egg cells and nerve cell. And others various forms, such as blood cells and cells vary in size ranging scale of human cells in between 200 and 1500 microns (a micron = 0.001 of a millimeter).Characterized bloc Albrootoplazmih of the cell into two presidents, part of the nucleus called Alnyukljublazemh Nucleoplasm, and the other surrounds the nucleus is called Alsitoblazma Cytoplasm, and surrounded by the nucleus membrane thinning, is the nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane surrounded the entire cell membrane last called cell membrane Plasmalemma or cell membrane. And contain Alsitoblazma several structures alive cytoplasmic organelles called organelles Cytoplasmic also contains several non-living materials called Almitablazma or Aldeutoblazma Metaplasm or deutoplasm living organelles mitochondria and Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts.The Almitablazma include starch and glycogen granules fatty and oily droplets and some other materials Kabbgaat and secretory materials and products and other directorial.
Cell membrane Cell Membrane
Each cell is surrounded by a membrane is very thin, is composed of some fats and proteins and therefore it whenever materials more soluble in fat whenever prevalence faster through cell membranes showed Bedalmshahdat a layer protein in the cell membrane are extensions of the fibrous Mngzh of cell membranes contiguous.
The cell membrane Bdorosassa in organizing the passage of dissolved substances between the cell and the surrounding medium, and called on this property generally permeability Permeability and permeability of the cell is particularly important, they are the means by which to regulate the entry of certain materials are of fundamental importance in the construction of living material of the cell. As well as the cell membrane to organize exit outputs damaged materials secretory, as well as excess water need for cell based permeability cell physiological state of the cell, and the degree of concentration of salts in the surrounding medium cell, temperature and play permeability cell membrane plays an important role in controlling exit outputs of the activities metabolism of various cell.And influenced by the cell membrane are clearly certain factors cause degradation and disintegration, such as antibodies and heavy metals, and X-rays and fat solvents.
Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes
Floor of the cell contains a micro-cavities branching surrounded with thin membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum This network was discovered by electron microscope and they exist in all types of cells with nuclei.
It consists always of a group of cavities surrounded Bogshehriqikh which relates to each other to be connected network inside the cell called the cavity Tanker, a tubular or irregular, but they usually appear as a group cavities separate circular or oval or extended in preparations electron microscope and these cavities which seem separate from each other be Andoblazmih network connected inside the cell.
Cells differ in terms of their shape and their structure depending on their locations in the body, vital functions and form in different ways, some in the shape of a constant, such as sperm cells and egg cells and nerve cell. And others various forms, such as blood cells and cells vary in size ranging scale of human cells in between 200 and 1500 microns (a micron = 0.001 of a millimeter).Characterized bloc Albrootoplazmih of the cell into two presidents, part of the nucleus called Alnyukljublazemh Nucleoplasm, and the other surrounds the nucleus is called Alsitoblazma Cytoplasm, and surrounded by the nucleus membrane thinning, is the nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane surrounded the entire cell membrane last called cell membrane Plasmalemma or cell membrane. And contain Alsitoblazma several structures alive cytoplasmic organelles called organelles Cytoplasmic also contains several non-living materials called Almitablazma or Aldeutoblazma Metaplasm or deutoplasm living organelles mitochondria and Golgi apparatus and chloroplasts.The Almitablazma include starch and glycogen granules fatty and oily droplets and some other materials Kabbgaat and secretory materials and products and other directorial.
Cell membrane Cell Membrane
Each cell is surrounded by a membrane is very thin, is composed of some fats and proteins and therefore it whenever materials more soluble in fat whenever prevalence faster through cell membranes showed Bedalmshahdat a layer protein in the cell membrane are extensions of the fibrous Mngzh of cell membranes contiguous.
The cell membrane Bdorosassa in organizing the passage of dissolved substances between the cell and the surrounding medium, and called on this property generally permeability Permeability and permeability of the cell is particularly important, they are the means by which to regulate the entry of certain materials are of fundamental importance in the construction of living material of the cell. As well as the cell membrane to organize exit outputs damaged materials secretory, as well as excess water need for cell based permeability cell physiological state of the cell, and the degree of concentration of salts in the surrounding medium cell, temperature and play permeability cell membrane plays an important role in controlling exit outputs of the activities metabolism of various cell.And influenced by the cell membrane are clearly certain factors cause degradation and disintegration, such as antibodies and heavy metals, and X-rays and fat solvents.
Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosomes
Floor of the cell contains a micro-cavities branching surrounded with thin membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum This network was discovered by electron microscope and they exist in all types of cells with nuclei.
It consists always of a group of cavities surrounded Bogshehriqikh which relates to each other to be connected network inside the cell called the cavity Tanker, a tubular or irregular, but they usually appear as a group cavities separate circular or oval or extended in preparations electron microscope and these cavities which seem separate from each other be Andoblazmih network connected inside the cell.
There
are two types of endoplasmic reticulum:
1 - the endoplasmic reticulum coarse or favorite Granular rough endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by this kind of a large number of fine particles on the surface of the outside of the network these granules rich acid Alrebonyuklak proteins and Rabyoussomat ribosomes represent Rabyoussomat sites synthesis Albrocnaat in the cell, and therefore is available in abundance in cells that characterized its activity in the construction of proteins , such as the liver and pancreas cells.
This type retreat of ribosomes, and limited presence on a few types of cells such as epithelial pigment cells of the retina and voluntary muscle cells, and it seems that the network play a sensory role in such cells.
Consists membranes network Alandoblamih of materials Dhenh and proteinuria united with each other in so-called vehicle Allibobrotinah and play network Alandoblamih, especially type particleboard, a role in the synthesis of proteins and the formation of secretions in the cell, and there is a function other potential network reticulum, which is that Tjaoifaa may work corridors punctuated transfer different material between the various cytoplasmic parts, and to the outside of the cell nucleus, or from outside the cell to the cytoplasmic, or even the kernel directly.
Rabyoussomat Ribosomes
Rabyoussomat a small granules spherical exist either on the membranes endoplasmic reticulum or hanging free in the cytoplasm and is composed of about 60% Ribosomal RNA and 40% protein and Rabyoussomat linked to a specific type of RNA, a RNA (messenger TRNA) Transfer RNA and the Messanger RNA) carrier MRNA) consists in the cell nucleus as a result of the genetic code Gentic Code where the transfer of the necessary information for protein synthesis where transferred MRNA genetic information necessary for the construction of two types of proteins are protein functional protein synthetic In the cytoplasm there are many ribosomes which are linked Npsph of MRNA and be installed called Ploysome / Polyribosome The MRNA The ribosome caller synthesized protein, even if this protein planned to be inside the installation Allizosumaat or cell wall or hormones or enzymes digestive in this case relate to the Protein Complex-Ribosome MRNA network rer coarse RER turns protein then to Cistema either if this protein for use inside cells, such as proteins Gytoskeleton orcytoplasmic enzymes remains Polysome free in this case in the cytoplasm.
Golgi apparatus Golgi Apparatus
This structure was discovered cellular world Camilo Golgi Camillo Golgi in 1898 in the neurons of the cat and some birds. It reticular body has substantial potential for deposition of silver nitrate and the fourth Osmium oxide and this installation is located in many types of animal cells and dubbed Golgi network Golgi network or the Golgi apparatus Golgi Apparatus.There Golgi apparatus in different types of cells Alfaqaria T. exception of germ cells in the form of a network installation. The germ cells and all the cells of invertebrates, plant cells it facing the Golgi apparatus in the form of curved objects called Acanutyoussomat Dictyosomes.Golgi apparatus into a special distinctive in different types of cells and different appearance of the Golgi apparatus markedly depending on the animal physiology.It seems the Golgi apparatus in electron microscope images composed of three parts:(A) The number of limited thin-walled sacs.(B) a number of large cavities closed the round with thin membranes.(C) a small group of micro-cavities.
1 - the endoplasmic reticulum coarse or favorite Granular rough endoplasmic reticulum is characterized by this kind of a large number of fine particles on the surface of the outside of the network these granules rich acid Alrebonyuklak proteins and Rabyoussomat ribosomes represent Rabyoussomat sites synthesis Albrocnaat in the cell, and therefore is available in abundance in cells that characterized its activity in the construction of proteins , such as the liver and pancreas cells.
This type retreat of ribosomes, and limited presence on a few types of cells such as epithelial pigment cells of the retina and voluntary muscle cells, and it seems that the network play a sensory role in such cells.
Consists membranes network Alandoblamih of materials Dhenh and proteinuria united with each other in so-called vehicle Allibobrotinah and play network Alandoblamih, especially type particleboard, a role in the synthesis of proteins and the formation of secretions in the cell, and there is a function other potential network reticulum, which is that Tjaoifaa may work corridors punctuated transfer different material between the various cytoplasmic parts, and to the outside of the cell nucleus, or from outside the cell to the cytoplasmic, or even the kernel directly.
Rabyoussomat Ribosomes
Rabyoussomat a small granules spherical exist either on the membranes endoplasmic reticulum or hanging free in the cytoplasm and is composed of about 60% Ribosomal RNA and 40% protein and Rabyoussomat linked to a specific type of RNA, a RNA (messenger TRNA) Transfer RNA and the Messanger RNA) carrier MRNA) consists in the cell nucleus as a result of the genetic code Gentic Code where the transfer of the necessary information for protein synthesis where transferred MRNA genetic information necessary for the construction of two types of proteins are protein functional protein synthetic In the cytoplasm there are many ribosomes which are linked Npsph of MRNA and be installed called Ploysome / Polyribosome The MRNA The ribosome caller synthesized protein, even if this protein planned to be inside the installation Allizosumaat or cell wall or hormones or enzymes digestive in this case relate to the Protein Complex-Ribosome MRNA network rer coarse RER turns protein then to Cistema either if this protein for use inside cells, such as proteins Gytoskeleton orcytoplasmic enzymes remains Polysome free in this case in the cytoplasm.
Golgi apparatus Golgi Apparatus
This structure was discovered cellular world Camilo Golgi Camillo Golgi in 1898 in the neurons of the cat and some birds. It reticular body has substantial potential for deposition of silver nitrate and the fourth Osmium oxide and this installation is located in many types of animal cells and dubbed Golgi network Golgi network or the Golgi apparatus Golgi Apparatus.There Golgi apparatus in different types of cells Alfaqaria T. exception of germ cells in the form of a network installation. The germ cells and all the cells of invertebrates, plant cells it facing the Golgi apparatus in the form of curved objects called Acanutyoussomat Dictyosomes.Golgi apparatus into a special distinctive in different types of cells and different appearance of the Golgi apparatus markedly depending on the animal physiology.It seems the Golgi apparatus in electron microscope images composed of three parts:(A) The number of limited thin-walled sacs.(B) a number of large cavities closed the round with thin membranes.(C) a small group of micro-cavities.
The
Golgi apparatus play an important role in the formation of secretory materials,
such as raw materials that make up the enzymes and know Balzamujan, bile
secretion and mucous materials and Heromunat and vitamin c.He
spoke in the Golgi apparatus certain changes under the influence of some medical
conditions, influenced by the Golgi apparatus clearly affected many of the
chemicals, such as pesticides, morphine and phosphorus, as well as influenced by
vitamin B deficiency.
Mitochondria Mitochondria
Mitochondria organelles Mobiles neighborhood found in all types of objects and no mitochondria in different cells in the form of granules minutes or disobeyed short or yarns and ranges in length between 0.5, 1 micron and length species filamentous them to 10-12 microns may exist in the cell type or more of these formats.
And a fixed number of mitochondria for one type of 500,000 Matokondreon cells in amoeba abound Mitochondrial generally in the more specialized cells, such as liver cells, kidney cells, there Mitochondrial in most cases regular homogeneous distributed in Alsitoblazma.Mitochondrial appear in pictures Almikruscon mail in the form of bags surrounded respective Gchaouan outside Riqiqan The level procedure Vmtarj.
It consists Mitochondrial mainly of fat and protein as well as some other organic materials, minerals and vitamins is also Mitochondrial main warehouse enzymes for respiratory in the cell and called Mitochondrial sometimes batteries enzymatic "and called on Mitochondrial also the name of" power generators "in cells and because a lot of chemical reactions, which include oxidation food and energy recovery are inside Mitochondrial enzymes influence in them.
Mitochondrial linked closely the metabolic activity of the cells with respect to fat metabolism and amino acids and are also responsible for the formation of a sheath in sperm tail.Mitochondrial affected clearly a lot of cases of disease that occur in the organism Among the factors that affect the Mitochondrial cyanide, phosphorus and pesticides and X-rays.
Mitochondria Mitochondria
Mitochondria organelles Mobiles neighborhood found in all types of objects and no mitochondria in different cells in the form of granules minutes or disobeyed short or yarns and ranges in length between 0.5, 1 micron and length species filamentous them to 10-12 microns may exist in the cell type or more of these formats.
And a fixed number of mitochondria for one type of 500,000 Matokondreon cells in amoeba abound Mitochondrial generally in the more specialized cells, such as liver cells, kidney cells, there Mitochondrial in most cases regular homogeneous distributed in Alsitoblazma.Mitochondrial appear in pictures Almikruscon mail in the form of bags surrounded respective Gchaouan outside Riqiqan The level procedure Vmtarj.
It consists Mitochondrial mainly of fat and protein as well as some other organic materials, minerals and vitamins is also Mitochondrial main warehouse enzymes for respiratory in the cell and called Mitochondrial sometimes batteries enzymatic "and called on Mitochondrial also the name of" power generators "in cells and because a lot of chemical reactions, which include oxidation food and energy recovery are inside Mitochondrial enzymes influence in them.
Mitochondrial linked closely the metabolic activity of the cells with respect to fat metabolism and amino acids and are also responsible for the formation of a sheath in sperm tail.Mitochondrial affected clearly a lot of cases of disease that occur in the organism Among the factors that affect the Mitochondrial cyanide, phosphorus and pesticides and X-rays.
Allisusumat
Lysosomes
These particles are in most animal cells and to a lesser extent in plant cells and appear Allizosumaat under the light microscope in the form of small vesicles smaller than the Mitochondrial and illustrated by electron microscope Kakias small surrounds respective thin membrane. And composed of materials complex Abobrotinah, and everyone are a number of important digestive enzymes.And refers to Asusum to the abundance of digestive enzymes in these particles, also points out that these enzymes are spread in the cytoplasm of the cell in case of rupture of the membranes surrounding Ballisusumat, and when that happens, these enzymes destroy all the components of the cell, causing cell lysis whole therefore called on Allisusumat Sometimes the name of the sinuses suicide.And Allisusumat play an important role for many cellular educational activities, such as digestion inside the cell and the metabolism of carbohydrates and other well The Allisusumat plays an important role in getting rid of some of the contents of the cells and tissues in certain circumstances.
The affected Allisusumat many factors physiological and pathological where fewer than clearly in animal cells hungry and animal elderly and cause X-rays sometimes in tearing membranes Allisusumat and starting enzymes in cytoplasmic also found that pesticides have a clear impact on Allisusumat very clearly.
Vacuoles gaps
Containing cells especially structural ones, on the specific gaps filled with liquid material. Similar gaps exist also in primitives such as Almnaqbdh gaps Contractile Vacuoles that play an important role in the process of osmotic regulation
Alsntrusom (central body) Centrosome
Small cytokine installation located close to the nucleus and there in the vast majority of animal cells except those cells, which has lost its capacity to divide and multiply like adult nerve cells.Shows Alsntrusom in the form of a small body based surrounded by the blisters called central region minute Microcentrum, followed abroad densely called ball central Centrosphere arising from radiation stellar Astral Rays or Astrosphere at the beginning of cell division, and has Alsntrusom in each cell on Habibtin centralized Centrioles.Electron Microscopy shows each granule centralized in the form of cylindrical body small outer wall has a number of sticks or Alonibiat minute regular in nine groups, each group consisting of normally three Onibiat and This Alonibiat extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body.
Play a central grained an important role in the process of cell division, where stray Alhabibtan Antrzian from each other and moving to opposite poles of the cell poles, but they remain the interconnected by minute you know a thread yarn spindle Spindle Fibers chromosomes are organized.The central granules also closely related to the movement of cilia in cells and organisms ciliary They also contribute in the formation of sperm tails.
These particles are in most animal cells and to a lesser extent in plant cells and appear Allizosumaat under the light microscope in the form of small vesicles smaller than the Mitochondrial and illustrated by electron microscope Kakias small surrounds respective thin membrane. And composed of materials complex Abobrotinah, and everyone are a number of important digestive enzymes.And refers to Asusum to the abundance of digestive enzymes in these particles, also points out that these enzymes are spread in the cytoplasm of the cell in case of rupture of the membranes surrounding Ballisusumat, and when that happens, these enzymes destroy all the components of the cell, causing cell lysis whole therefore called on Allisusumat Sometimes the name of the sinuses suicide.And Allisusumat play an important role for many cellular educational activities, such as digestion inside the cell and the metabolism of carbohydrates and other well The Allisusumat plays an important role in getting rid of some of the contents of the cells and tissues in certain circumstances.
The affected Allisusumat many factors physiological and pathological where fewer than clearly in animal cells hungry and animal elderly and cause X-rays sometimes in tearing membranes Allisusumat and starting enzymes in cytoplasmic also found that pesticides have a clear impact on Allisusumat very clearly.
Vacuoles gaps
Containing cells especially structural ones, on the specific gaps filled with liquid material. Similar gaps exist also in primitives such as Almnaqbdh gaps Contractile Vacuoles that play an important role in the process of osmotic regulation
Alsntrusom (central body) Centrosome
Small cytokine installation located close to the nucleus and there in the vast majority of animal cells except those cells, which has lost its capacity to divide and multiply like adult nerve cells.Shows Alsntrusom in the form of a small body based surrounded by the blisters called central region minute Microcentrum, followed abroad densely called ball central Centrosphere arising from radiation stellar Astral Rays or Astrosphere at the beginning of cell division, and has Alsntrusom in each cell on Habibtin centralized Centrioles.Electron Microscopy shows each granule centralized in the form of cylindrical body small outer wall has a number of sticks or Alonibiat minute regular in nine groups, each group consisting of normally three Onibiat and This Alonibiat extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body.
Play a central grained an important role in the process of cell division, where stray Alhabibtan Antrzian from each other and moving to opposite poles of the cell poles, but they remain the interconnected by minute you know a thread yarn spindle Spindle Fibers chromosomes are organized.The central granules also closely related to the movement of cilia in cells and organisms ciliary They also contribute in the formation of sperm tails.
Descendant
objects Nissl Bodies
Are structures Sitoblazmih characteristic of neurons exist in the form of small granules or sheets of different shapes and sizes scattered across Alsitoblazma In appendages dendritic these cells consist objects offspring of protein and acid ribose nuclear addition to traces of iron and thought that these objects are Pachtzan amounts of oxygen or energy until needed.
Myofibrellar Fibrils
There are some specialized cells mutated in a certain way so that the fibrous strings like nerve Myofibrellar that appear in neurons and myofibrils in muscle cells. For these Myofibrellar close relationship nerve cell activities, especially with regard to the transfer of sensory and neurological effects.
Myofibrils:
Is responsible for the contraction of muscle cells and appear homogeneous myofibrils in visceral muscle cells (involuntary) but in skeletal muscle cells (voluntary) characterized to Amadih areas and dark areas and then also know these muscles muscle planned.
Nucleus Kernel
Body small nucleus in the vast majority of animal and plant cells and the presence of a basic nucleus of the life of the cell because the cell is heavily dependent on the performance of its functions on the exchange of different materials between the nucleus and Alsitoblazma.
And pass the nucleus during her two consecutive phases: phase interfaces or transitional (formerly known static phase error) and stage division.And linked to form the nucleus usually cell if the cell is equal diameters or dimensions (spherical, cubic, or several ribs, for example) were almost round أنويتها be oval-shaped nucleus in cylindrical or prismatic or spindle shape and look filamentous cell nucleus flatfish.Different nuclei in sizes markedly in different types of cells and the vast majority of cells are mononuclear, although there were cells with nuclei, as in some liver cells and chondrocytes and certain types of nerve cells as there are cells many nuclei such as some bone marrow cells.The position of the nucleus in different cells but often occupies a distinctive place in each type of In embryonic cells nucleus are usually located in the center of the cell.
Are structures Sitoblazmih characteristic of neurons exist in the form of small granules or sheets of different shapes and sizes scattered across Alsitoblazma In appendages dendritic these cells consist objects offspring of protein and acid ribose nuclear addition to traces of iron and thought that these objects are Pachtzan amounts of oxygen or energy until needed.
Myofibrellar Fibrils
There are some specialized cells mutated in a certain way so that the fibrous strings like nerve Myofibrellar that appear in neurons and myofibrils in muscle cells. For these Myofibrellar close relationship nerve cell activities, especially with regard to the transfer of sensory and neurological effects.
Myofibrils:
Is responsible for the contraction of muscle cells and appear homogeneous myofibrils in visceral muscle cells (involuntary) but in skeletal muscle cells (voluntary) characterized to Amadih areas and dark areas and then also know these muscles muscle planned.
Nucleus Kernel
Body small nucleus in the vast majority of animal and plant cells and the presence of a basic nucleus of the life of the cell because the cell is heavily dependent on the performance of its functions on the exchange of different materials between the nucleus and Alsitoblazma.
And pass the nucleus during her two consecutive phases: phase interfaces or transitional (formerly known static phase error) and stage division.And linked to form the nucleus usually cell if the cell is equal diameters or dimensions (spherical, cubic, or several ribs, for example) were almost round أنويتها be oval-shaped nucleus in cylindrical or prismatic or spindle shape and look filamentous cell nucleus flatfish.Different nuclei in sizes markedly in different types of cells and the vast majority of cells are mononuclear, although there were cells with nuclei, as in some liver cells and chondrocytes and certain types of nerve cells as there are cells many nuclei such as some bone marrow cells.The position of the nucleus in different cells but often occupies a distinctive place in each type of In embryonic cells nucleus are usually located in the center of the cell.
The
nucleus is composed of the following main parts:
An installation specific cytokine surrounds the nucleus has a distinctive chemical nature and controls this membrane in the process of the exchange of different materials between the nucleus and Alsitoblazma.
And it is colorless liquid filled into the nucleus where some nuclear structures.
3 - nuclei Nucleoli:
It almost spherical objects with relatively large sizes may contain the nucleus and nucleolus one or more.4 - objects Alkromatinah Chromatin or Chromocentres:
Look these objects in the form of finely divided or large Kajsam They represent certain parts of the chromosomes.
Barr body Barr body:
It Abarhan small chromatic body in the nuclei of neurons for female cats, and not in males have been seen such objects later in the nuclei of cells of different female animals which is found most often in the form of a small grain of Adas adjacent to the membrane of the nucleus. This is known as the body now called Barr body, and is used as a tool to distinguish between male cells and female.
This can be by the body to identify the sex of the fetus in the mother before the birth stage, because the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus in the mother's abdomen floats many epithelial cells Altytnfsal from the skin of the fetus during its growth. The point can be obtained from this fluid from the mother through a small hole in the abdominal Tjoifaa or cervical screening of cells.
An installation specific cytokine surrounds the nucleus has a distinctive chemical nature and controls this membrane in the process of the exchange of different materials between the nucleus and Alsitoblazma.
And it is colorless liquid filled into the nucleus where some nuclear structures.
3 - nuclei Nucleoli:
It almost spherical objects with relatively large sizes may contain the nucleus and nucleolus one or more.4 - objects Alkromatinah Chromatin or Chromocentres:
Look these objects in the form of finely divided or large Kajsam They represent certain parts of the chromosomes.
Barr body Barr body:
It Abarhan small chromatic body in the nuclei of neurons for female cats, and not in males have been seen such objects later in the nuclei of cells of different female animals which is found most often in the form of a small grain of Adas adjacent to the membrane of the nucleus. This is known as the body now called Barr body, and is used as a tool to distinguish between male cells and female.
This can be by the body to identify the sex of the fetus in the mother before the birth stage, because the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus in the mother's abdomen floats many epithelial cells Altytnfsal from the skin of the fetus during its growth. The point can be obtained from this fluid from the mother through a small hole in the abdominal Tjoifaa or cervical screening of cells.
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