Cytogenetics
is a branch of modern biological sciences, and is specialized in studying the
relationships between scientific cell and genetics, which promise intertwined to
a large extent because the chromosomes, and is one of the basic components of
the cell, is carrying genetic factors, and any changes in the chromosomes
reflected on the
genetic characteristics of the resulting offspring.
Chromosomes The Chromosomes les chromosomes
Use of the term "" chromosome "" for the first time by Aldier in 1888 to denote some components of the nuclei, and whether these components or objects previously discovered Forty years ago by Leicester Hoffma.And can definition Akarmusum as the properties of nuclear installation, features and functions are limited. And chromosome also features the ability to self-reproduction with retain morphological بخواصه and physiological passes through a phases successive cellular division.And chromosomes are the main tools to carry and transfer genetic factors or genes Genes, and then received with great interest considering the key role they play in genetics and reproduction, contrast, and mutations .... And otherNot see clearly only chromosomes during cell division, and the number differs in different organisms, but fixed for each type of organisms, and less number organisms in Kromusumadtha is a worm Oscars Mijalosevala, which has only two Kromusuman in every cell of the cells, Panama There are types up the number of chromosomes to nearly 300 chromosome in each cell, as in some primitives,And no chromosomes in the cell pairs, in groups double Diploid Sets, and double issue of the chromosomes Diploid Number in humans, for example is 46 chromosomes, and this means that each somatic cell of the cells the human body contains on 46 chromosomes called بالكروموسومات physical Somatic Chromosomes, and referred
Groups and be completely identical Alferditan, meaning that each chromosome in one of the two groups matched by an equal chromosome him completely from all the faces in the other group, and two known Alkromusuman Alemtemathlan Homologous Chromomsomes.And occurs during split some cells to form gametes that separated each كروموسومين identical for each other, will move one to a Almhijin Almtkonin, and moves gametophyte other to gamete last, and this means that each gamete (whether Heona Mnuya or egg) contains a set Individual oneOf chromosomes known بالكروموسومات Almhijih Gametic Chromosomes, and the 23 chromosome in the human condition, and during the process of fertilization, which is then between the sperm and the egg, merge two groups Alferditan of chromosomes to them together in a single cell is a fertilized egg or zygote which becomes containing number double of chromosomes. And growing zygote to embryo Each cell of the cells to a similar double set of chromosomes and are 46 chromosomes in the human condition, and thus half the group double in the cells of any individual is mainly attributed to the father and the other half to the mother, and you know the first group بالكروموسومات Parental Paternal Chromosomes, and that was in the sperm, and other known بالكروموسومات Umayyad Maternal Chromosomes, and that was in the egg before fertilization.
Chromosome size relatively constant for any kind of living species and is an important element to distinguish between different types of chromosomes, and chromosome length ranges from 0.2 - 50 microns, and a diameter of between 0.2 - 2 microns, and in the particular case of the human ranges between 4-6 microns long .And the best stage to examine and study the chromosomes is the stage of the division known as phase tropical, at this stage appears chromosome in the form of cylindrical body by a number of bottlenecks most important bottleneck primary Primary Constriction known as the centromere or Centerpiece Centromere and is the blisters of the chromosome by Habiba or globule small, and are particularly important in the movement of chromosomes.In addition to the bottleneck there are some bottlenecks secondary Secondary Constrictions is a distinctive number of different chromosomes.There also part chromosome another aftershock known important Satellite, which may be round or rectangular, and is located at one end of the chromosome and linked him to the rest of chromosomes string chromatic thin. And taken the dimensions of the mind when the distinction between different chromosomes.
And there are three main types of chromosomes are: -
1. Centromere chromosome ends Acrocentric ChromosomeAnd it seems straight Kaasah, there centromere near one end, and thus seen as his one arm.
2. Uneven chromosome arms Submrtacentric ChromosomeThis seems an L-shaped armchair is of equal length, and there centromere at the point they met.
3. Equal chromosome arms Metacentric ChromosomeThis seems a V-shaped and has two arms are equal, and there centromere at the point they met.
And the chromosomes in a cell of two types, chromosomes Self Autosomes and chromosomes nationality Sex Chromosomes, and there is usually Kromusuman Jncian only in each cell, and may be identical and referred to the symbol XX, or non-identical XY, or may miss one and referred to this case the symbol XO.
And does not appear Barr body Barr Body only in cells that contain كروموسومين XX, in the human does not appear the bar in Alkhlayal body containing one X as in normal male, but males who suffer from XXY Klinfeltr This body appears in their cells. , And females suffering from Turner X Barr body does not appear in the cells., While females anomalous XXX appears in their cells two bodies bar.
WHDH picture of the chromosome
Shortages in the normal number of chromosomes or an increase in the number of lead to diseases or abnormalities
Chromosomes The Chromosomes les chromosomes
Use of the term "" chromosome "" for the first time by Aldier in 1888 to denote some components of the nuclei, and whether these components or objects previously discovered Forty years ago by Leicester Hoffma.And can definition Akarmusum as the properties of nuclear installation, features and functions are limited. And chromosome also features the ability to self-reproduction with retain morphological بخواصه and physiological passes through a phases successive cellular division.And chromosomes are the main tools to carry and transfer genetic factors or genes Genes, and then received with great interest considering the key role they play in genetics and reproduction, contrast, and mutations .... And otherNot see clearly only chromosomes during cell division, and the number differs in different organisms, but fixed for each type of organisms, and less number organisms in Kromusumadtha is a worm Oscars Mijalosevala, which has only two Kromusuman in every cell of the cells, Panama There are types up the number of chromosomes to nearly 300 chromosome in each cell, as in some primitives,And no chromosomes in the cell pairs, in groups double Diploid Sets, and double issue of the chromosomes Diploid Number in humans, for example is 46 chromosomes, and this means that each somatic cell of the cells the human body contains on 46 chromosomes called بالكروموسومات physical Somatic Chromosomes, and referred
Groups and be completely identical Alferditan, meaning that each chromosome in one of the two groups matched by an equal chromosome him completely from all the faces in the other group, and two known Alkromusuman Alemtemathlan Homologous Chromomsomes.And occurs during split some cells to form gametes that separated each كروموسومين identical for each other, will move one to a Almhijin Almtkonin, and moves gametophyte other to gamete last, and this means that each gamete (whether Heona Mnuya or egg) contains a set Individual oneOf chromosomes known بالكروموسومات Almhijih Gametic Chromosomes, and the 23 chromosome in the human condition, and during the process of fertilization, which is then between the sperm and the egg, merge two groups Alferditan of chromosomes to them together in a single cell is a fertilized egg or zygote which becomes containing number double of chromosomes. And growing zygote to embryo Each cell of the cells to a similar double set of chromosomes and are 46 chromosomes in the human condition, and thus half the group double in the cells of any individual is mainly attributed to the father and the other half to the mother, and you know the first group بالكروموسومات Parental Paternal Chromosomes, and that was in the sperm, and other known بالكروموسومات Umayyad Maternal Chromosomes, and that was in the egg before fertilization.
Chromosome size relatively constant for any kind of living species and is an important element to distinguish between different types of chromosomes, and chromosome length ranges from 0.2 - 50 microns, and a diameter of between 0.2 - 2 microns, and in the particular case of the human ranges between 4-6 microns long .And the best stage to examine and study the chromosomes is the stage of the division known as phase tropical, at this stage appears chromosome in the form of cylindrical body by a number of bottlenecks most important bottleneck primary Primary Constriction known as the centromere or Centerpiece Centromere and is the blisters of the chromosome by Habiba or globule small, and are particularly important in the movement of chromosomes.In addition to the bottleneck there are some bottlenecks secondary Secondary Constrictions is a distinctive number of different chromosomes.There also part chromosome another aftershock known important Satellite, which may be round or rectangular, and is located at one end of the chromosome and linked him to the rest of chromosomes string chromatic thin. And taken the dimensions of the mind when the distinction between different chromosomes.
And there are three main types of chromosomes are: -
1. Centromere chromosome ends Acrocentric ChromosomeAnd it seems straight Kaasah, there centromere near one end, and thus seen as his one arm.
2. Uneven chromosome arms Submrtacentric ChromosomeThis seems an L-shaped armchair is of equal length, and there centromere at the point they met.
3. Equal chromosome arms Metacentric ChromosomeThis seems a V-shaped and has two arms are equal, and there centromere at the point they met.
And the chromosomes in a cell of two types, chromosomes Self Autosomes and chromosomes nationality Sex Chromosomes, and there is usually Kromusuman Jncian only in each cell, and may be identical and referred to the symbol XX, or non-identical XY, or may miss one and referred to this case the symbol XO.
And does not appear Barr body Barr Body only in cells that contain كروموسومين XX, in the human does not appear the bar in Alkhlayal body containing one X as in normal male, but males who suffer from XXY Klinfeltr This body appears in their cells. , And females suffering from Turner X Barr body does not appear in the cells., While females anomalous XXX appears in their cells two bodies bar.
WHDH picture of the chromosome
Shortages in the normal number of chromosomes or an increase in the number of lead to diseases or abnormalities
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