Information about surgery

Information about surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that depends on manual procedures and technical tools applied to patients for treatment or check if the radar that may occur as a result of certain diseases or injury. the surgical procedure is designed to improve the functionality or virtual form by and in some cases may be a religious purpose. Could be a surgical procedure or surgical intervention process or simply surgery. Surgeries were performed on humans or animals, and given to the person who is being surgery surgeon was also described as a medical practitioner but has given the term "medical practitioner" for doctors and medical specialists in podiatry and dental (also known as oral Surgeons), veterinarians, and in rare cases being surgeons surgery on themselves. Surgical procedure may take from several minutes to hours and generally can not be continuing treatment or surgical procedure periodically. The term "surgery" also to the place where surgery or may simply refer to the doctor's Office or a specialist doctor in chiropody or dentist or veterinarian

Defined

Surgery is a medical technique based on medical intervention for the treatment of infected tissue. As a general rule any action happens when the incision in the tissue or the wounded from injuries tailored precedent is surgery, and other procedures not specifically follow this description as angioplasty or endoscopy, but may consider a procedure that surgically also be included in routine preparations for surgery as anesthesia and surgical instruments sterile environment, sewing or stapling. All types of surgical procedures for gas, so circumcision that is referred to is not penetrate tissue surgery allaghazet such as laser ablation of the cornea may enter under this description of radiological procedures such as those used in radiation therapy for tumors.

Types of surgery

Surgical procedures are classified according to several factors, ranges of the seriousness of the situation, action type, Member, or device to treat invasive degree tools used: elective surgery is surgery to correct the condition is not life-threatening, and usually conducts this type of cases as requested by the patient and by the surgeon and medical facilities are available. Emergency surgery is surgery that is done to save the patient's life, preserving a limb or to enable a member to discharge its functions. Exploratory surgery (primary): this type of operation for the purpose of confirmation and diagnosis of the condition. Curative surgery: this kind of operation to treat cases previously diagnosed. Amputation: an amputation or fingers. Re: which part of the body had arrived broken. Reconstruction: surgery to rebuild, distorted or infected members. Cosmetic surgery: the surgery to improve the appearance of some non-infected tissue. Circumcision: the external part is cut or the fabric. Agriculture: aimed at the eradication of such member or party and replaced by another donor, whether human or animal, as is the removal of a member of the living person or animal for use in agriculture a type of surgery. When a member of the surgery or the texture of a device, that process has been called the same name of this device, such as cardiac surgery (performed on the heart), gastrointestinal surgery (which is the digestive track and glands help) and orthopedic surgery (performed on the bone or muscle). Laparoscopic surgery: a small external incisions to insert tiny machine inside the body cavity as in catheter. In contrast there are open surgeries that require large incisions to access the infected area. Laser surgery: laser is the main factor for the pieces of tissue in this type of operations, uses a laser instead of a scalpel or other conventional tools out to perform the same function. Microscopic surgery: this type of surgery is based on microscopes so the surgeon can see the small parts likewise introduced a robot surgery as the da Vinci Surgical System or Zeus the robot during surgery by following the instructions and move tools.

Description of operation

Hospitals today are often a surgical procedure in the operations rooms, using surgical instruments and a patient table and other tools,

And the environment and procedures used in the process of sterilization which separates the instruments sterile (free of microorganisms)

Non-sterile instruments or contaminated. All surgical instruments must be sterilized or disinfected must be replaced in case of contamination (due to the use of contaminated or her contacts to non-sterile surfaces),

The crew must present within the operating room should wear sterile clothing also

(Which includes robe and hat, gloves, sterile bandages)

They must wash their hands and arms with antiseptic materials before each operation. Before surgery is the patient examination

"Specific analysis by the process and assess the physical condition according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical assessment if the results were good given the patient consent form on the surgical procedure and then approve eligibility for surgical intervention.

And when the patient is expected to lose a significant amount of blood during the operation, it must provide a quantity of blood donation before the process by weeks.

In some cases of gastrointestinal surgery the patient is given instructions to drink a solution of polyethylene on the night before the operation and for the preparation of intestine. And also directs patients to abstain from food or drink

(After midnight the night before the operation, to reduce the impact of gastric contents to drugs given to patients before surgery to reduce the risk of the patient vomits during or after exercise).

At some point before the operation replaces the patient dressed in sterile clothing and asked the ratification process details. Then record the patient's vital signs and fluid conveying fed one of the parties and also gives some medicine "antibiotics and analgesics and other". When the patient enters the operating room of the area sterilized process using a disinfectant such as chlorhexidine gluconate or Sensodyne, wishes to reduce pollution, and cut the hair if the surgery as preparation before operation, use a sterile drape to cover all of a patient's body except for the surgery and the patient's head,

Lurking solvency to a pair of Poles near the head of the bed to form the curtains "ether" which separates the anesthetist who works in the working area (unsterile) from the surgical site (sterile). Doping the patient to prevent feeling pain when the injury and move or pieces of tissue and sutures. Depending on the type of operation may vary depending on the type of anesthesia or sedation or general anesthesia, there are also spiny uses when the subject of major surgery or when it is too deeply welaivdal the use of general anesthesia. In the case of local anesthesia or spinal anesthesia surgery be sedated but the patient remains conscious or sedated a bit., contrast in general anesthesia so the patient is conscious, paralysed, at this stage the patient breathes through a tube connected to a respirator, and usually the patient by doping the combination of injections and inhalants. And being split to reach into the surgery, de-leveraging blood vessels surrounding the position to prevent bleeding and almbaad can be used to give a better vision for the surgery or to keep the kerf open and may require making Gibbons and dissect several layers to get to the surgery in gastrointestinal surgery, where an incision in the skin and subcutaneous tissue and then split three layers of muscle and then slight tendons and link layer. In some cases, you may break the bones to more of the Interior of the body, for example cutting the skull for brain surgery or clipping the chest surgery to open the rib cage. Work to correct problems in the machine, may involve:

Circumcision eliminates device or a tumor or other tissue.

Amputation — partial removal of the Member or any other physical structure.

Reconnect, tissues and other especially if partly severed, amputation as the bowel reconnection and includes internal sewing or pinning can be used. Surgical connection between blood vessels or hollow or tubular structures such as loops of intestine is called baltfamm.

Link – may be as a link or the courses or pipelines.

Altom piece truncated tissue (body itself or from a different body) in certain cases still be partly connected with the body, to be stitched or reshape that region of the body. Although vaccination is often used in cosmetic surgery, it is used in surgical operations. Grafts can be taken from one area of the patient's body and then placed in another area of the body. Examples include cardiac surgical operations so as to bypass clogged blood vessels replaced with baits from another part of the body. Alternatively, grafts may be from other persons or bodies or animals. If you enter the prosthetics used pins and screws to install the bones, some parts of the bone can be replaced by dildos or any other part, in some cases include palette to replace the damaged area of the skull. In our time alhadarasabh the use of artificial hip more commonly Additionally can include pacemakers or valves and many types of prosthetics. Gap: events permanent or semi-permanent opening in the body. in transplant surgery, the Member is granted (taken from the body of the donor) in the body of the receiver and connect it with all the necessary parts (vascular, channels, etc). surgery contact hinge which bind bones adjacent to each other so you can grow the same stretch, and an example of fusion backbone linking adjacent paragraphs will grow as one piece. reroute the digestive surgery — aimed at weight loss. repair fistula or hernia or old

 

Adjacent paragraphs will grow as one piece. reroute the digestive surgery — aimed at weight loss. repair fistula or hernia or aldohuk. Other procedures, including:

Remove clogged ducts, blood or other vessels.

Remove the stones.

The accumulated fluid drained.

Endoscopic tissue transfer dead, damaged or diseased.

Separated Siamese twins.

Sex-change surgery.

You can give blood or blood expanders to compensate for blood lost during surgery. Once the process closed cracks by threads and stitches. immediately upon completion of the closing stop anesthesia and reflects. If full sedation still tubes and breathing apparatus. After surgery the patient moves to the post anesthesia care unit and closely monitor. after making sure that the patient has recovered from the symptoms of anesthesia to surgical suite or authorize him out to his house. During the postoperative period, the patient functionality and practical results and examined the wound site for signs of infection or inflammation. If you use a removable thing to close the wound, still after 7-10 days after surgery, or after healing of the wound. At some point after surgery some patients continue treatment with radiation, chemotherapy or medications such as antihistamines used in transplant rejection. Other studies or may be described as rehabilitation during or after the recovery period.

History of surgery

Developed two of the civilizations of prehistoric forms of surgical operations,

And the oldest from the Negev to guide open the skull or a small hole dug to remove cover for epidural so for diseases related to intracranial pressure,

This evidence is found in the remains of prehistoric man dating to the Neolithic. The paintings revealed on cave walls that lasted for a long time. it is the exclamation point is that the patients as well as patients in the period before the modern era of such operations have ngu and showed signs of healing skull, showed some remnants of the peoples who inhabited the Indus Valley in the period pre-3300 BC

He has been drilling teeth dating back to 9000 years was ancient Egypt's pharaonic civilization of civilizations development of surgical techniques,

Where I found the remains back to 2650 BC year containing holes on the lower jaw near the root of the first molar, indicating bleeding from a dental abscess.

Additionally donated to us that civilization is the oldest surgical texts date back to 3,500 years BC, medical practitioners in that era were priests who specialize in treatment and surgical operations are conducted, the Pharaohs operational details on Papyrus and they do alone by being the first to put patients medical files. The Edwin Smith Papyrus (the New York Academy of Medicine) documented procedures based on anatomy and Physiology, while mentioned in Papyrus ibars treatment. herdoit work documented later Pharaohs: "highly specialized medicine practice have, each doctor handles only one disease, the country is full of doctors, the other eye and some teeth treated and some abdominal diseases and treats other diseases.". It also led to discoveries of the tombs of Al-Ahram recently workers evidence Mummy, Mummies to undergo surgery for brain workers had lived for two years after the procedure.

And there were other ancient civilizations have surgical knowledge as India, China and Greece in the 6th century BC, describes the sashrota and is one of the most ancient in India surgeons writing over 120 surgical tool and 300 surgical procedure and classification of human surgery classes divided to 8 categories. Known sashrota Babu, had surgery and cataract operations (blue water) and caesarean sections, and uses the juice of herbs as the type of anesthesia was wounded in dhanfenatri school in aiorvirda. In ancient Greece, established the Temple of "asklibia" dedicated to healing gods the asclepia, this temple served as centres for medical counselling and diagnosis and healing. In this sacred enters patients in a state similar to dream causing sleep not unlike anesthesia and receiving guidance from God in dreams or by surgeries, and in the Temple of abidoros there were three plates of marble back 350 years BC engraved with names and dates of cases, symptoms, methods of healing around 70 patients who came to the temple with a problem before they recover them, Was some surgical treatments mentioned extract an abscess of the digestive tract and remove foreign substances penetrate the body during such operations in the case of patients were sleeping by using a number of stimulating substances like opium hypnotic. Galen was one of the greatest of Greek Surgeons of the ancient world, has conducted several daring operations, such as eye surgery which was performed again only after 2,000 years. in China was "Hua Tuo" famous Chinese physician during the Eastern Han and three kingdoms surgery with the help of anaesthetic although in a rudimentary and unsophisticated manner. In the middle ages developed surgical techniques in the Islamic world, and the doctor and the Andalusian Arab world (Abu Al-Qasim Khalaf bin Abbas Al-Zahrawi) "which has been practicing medicine in the Zahra suburb of Córdoba wrote medical texts that formed the basis of European surgical procedures up until the Renaissance, and is also often considered as the father of surgery. In Europe increased attention by universities to study surgery before practice and examples of such universities the University of Montpellier, Padua and Bologna, which was famous in this area, and the Quai de kaulik was one of the most prominent surgeons in the middle ages and was writing "the great" who wrote one of the most prominent in 1363 texts in surgery a century

In the fifteenth century separated the medicine and surgery has become less about medicine has turned into a traditional craft legacy, continued until the "rokrios salirintanios" who wrote a book put the foundation stone of the modern Western surgery until today. Later in the late 19th century are undergraduate degrees in surgery with a doctorate in medicine and became masters in London is a higher degree of Bachelor in surgery and doctor of medicine. Either barbers surgeons were the worst reputation and continued so until adopted academic surgery as a specialty degree in medicine instead of specialization is significant. Basic surgical principles as free from germs.So it was known as "halisted".

Modern surgery

Modern surgery developed rapidly with the emergence of the scientific age, Ambroise was one of the pioneers in the Barry treatment of injuries caused by gun shots, and was the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic,

And the grahawa of barbers and surgeons who combined surgery and their profession as barbers. one of the most important developments of modern medicine is the ability to control the bleeding and control infections and control of pain (anaesthesia).

Bleeding before the evolution of modern medicine, patients were threatened by bleeding to death before or during treatment.

One of the successful methods used to close wounds were ironing "closure of wounds by high temperature"

Severe pain and were destructive to the tissues, with bad results over the long term. One of the other methods that have been used to close wounds are binding

(Created by the ancient Romans and developed by Ambroise Barry in the 16th century) and certain materials are used to close the injured blood vessels, despite the novelty of the method and its superiority over the ironing remains seriously until they were able to control the infections that were not understood at the time. In the twentieth century research has allowed blood to blood transfusion for patients and thus compensate for blood lost. The newly discovered anesthesia pain on two American Dental surgeons and two Horace Wells (1815-1848)

William TJ Morton. Before the discovery of anesthesia, surgery was a very patient pain and the only solution to ease the pain is to speed the process, leading to the amputation and remove operations. In the early 1940s from the eighteenth century, has taken another turn after surgery to discover the narcotic chemicals kalaithr, chloroform, which played a role in the British discovered John snow.

In addition to alleviating the suffering of the patients had enabled them to surgeons perform complex in the Interior of the human body,

As a cure for another case of post-operative patients detected muscle relaxants such as curare which make those processes more secure and less pain.

Infections with the booming operation after discovering anesthesia increased numbers of patients with postoperative infections, and to make matters worse is that the concept of inflammation was not understood until recently.

The first breakthrough came in fighting inflammation in 1847 by the Hungarian doctor akonaz similvais, who noted that medical students Anatomy rooms leaving performed to increase maternal mortality compared with the number of newborn deaths under the supervision of midwives,

Then a similvais to all of the mothers who have recently given birth to suite the birth that washes and sanitizes hands resulting in a lower number of deaths,

But the Royal Society in the United Kingdom rejected his advice.

The big breakthrough came after that, following the work of Louis Pasteur and progress in microbiology,

While the British surgeon Joseph Lister began experimenting with using phenol during surgery to prevent infections and already was Lester is able to reduce the incidence of infections significantly.

This has helped those rates continue to drop techniques developed by Robert Koch as steam sterilisation, which proved more than sterilization by alkarboliki acid spray used by Leicester for disinfection.

Later became washing hands and wearing gloves of Moslems in sterilization operations rooms. Deployment of its as Leicester serial articles in the Lancet (March 1867)

Under the heading "principles of sterilization of surgical practice",

His was a cornerstone of the ability to control inflammation in the modern era that were used later for 50 years in theatres,

Lester was devoted himself to take strides in sterilization throughout his life.