Information on computer and computer

Information on computer and computer

Computer system consists of:

(1) hardware (Hardware) and physical components that make up the computer.

(2) software (Software), a group of instructions and commands that are used to get the results

Required from the computer.

First:

(1) units of input (INPUT UNITS) is the link between the user and the computer where the

The user enters data, and more common:

A keyboard (Key board) and is the main computer module consists of:

* Keyboard:

It consists of writing the alphabet keys

(Arabic/English)

* Directional keys and control:

It consists of stock through which we can move the cursor up and down .... etc plus

Some keys are used to move the cursor a full screen up or down.

* Number keys:

A numeric keypad with numbers and all signs and directional keys and control.

* The function keys:

And are the keys to do specific functions these functions differ from one program to another (ctrl & Alt).

B-mouse (Moue):

Use the mouse to select commands and run programs, especially in applications that rely on graphics

And various shapes such as Windows.

First:

The output units (unit Output) the output units are used to show the evidence and results

And reports and display the picture you want, including:-

A. display (Monitor): they may be monochrome (Monochrome display) or color (Color display) screen sizes & 12 inch & 14 inch & 15 inch & 17 inch & ... ... Etc.

– There must be compatibility between your computer and the screen used and display card (Display

Adapters) that produces a signal to control and exert control over the screen. And cards

Used in PC (Personal Computer).

Card CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) & card EGA (Enhanced Graphics

Adapter) & VGA card (Video Graphics Array) standard SVGA card &

(Standard ) .

B-party up (Printer) are units of output that get results for

Data printed on paper.

The second:

The second storage units I (Memory (Auxiliary is the great reservoir

Put all data and programs........ It is in direct contact with the main memory

(Random) and memory storage type permanent magnetization, even after closing the device, including:-

A. floppy disk (Floppy Disk) and in different sizes and different capacities including

8 inch & 5.25 inch & 3.5 inch is the most expanded storage 1, 44 MB

(1.44 M.B) which equals 720 KB.

B-hard disk (hard disk) there are two types of hard drives, one can be separated from the computer and connects to the device use only h and the other kind don't separate from the computer and hard drive for recording density floppy disk with very big storage

IV

CPUs (C.P.U) Central processing unit containing all the

Physical media capable of handling data and execute instructions and adjust the input and output operations

And is responsible for determining the capacity and speed of the computer and are divided into:

A. computer logic unit (ALU) (ARITHMATIC and logical unit) is the unit that handles the data sort and classify, sort and ... ... ... ...And address the four arithmetic operations: multiplication and Division, addition and subtraction as well as logical operations such as comparisons between two values (equals = & larger & smaller than < >).

B-shift unit k m (Control Unit) which dominates and controls all input and output operations and computation, logic and internal and external storage which is supervising all computer operations and activities

VA

(5) main memory (Main Memory) and are divided into:

A. random RANDOM ACCESSMEMORY main memory (RAM)

Called RAM because the system can randomly choose any storage location for write or read data from it at random without passing on the rest of the other sites. they are room and write a volatile memory loses its contents with power outages and increasing the capacity of these increase the capacity and efficiency of computer in the management of the various programmes, capacity is measured by the number of BYTE characters) (which can be stored.

B – only reading memory ROM) READ ONLY MEMORY (memory used in keeping software for running computer, and do not lose the memory contents when power failure and therefore a permanent magnetization type non-volatile (Non-Volatile)

C-almkhbo'h memory

Used during operations and a cache of very high speed and are used for storage

Provisional data and instructions to be retrieved several times during the run of data which helps speed run.

• Processor: it is the most important computer components is responsible for the execution of orders which receives computer; among the criteria

Taken into account to assess the efficiency of the computer is to know the availability and capacity of the processor (processor) with the

• Define the operating system

Operating system consists of an integrated set of software instructions that dominate and control the computer and various units. it is generally the link between the user and the computer as well as between computer & peripherals

• Operating system functions:

1. control the input and output units.

2. run the software called from secondary storage to main memory,

3. coordinate communication between the computer and the applications and help these programs perform input operations

And output.

4. playback control software package at a time.

5. Organization of computer processes leading to save time and increase the efficiency of computer

Some types of operating systems

1 – operating system (DOS)

* The word is an acronym DOS Disk Operation System {any OS disk} and so named

The name because most work involves managing disk) Disk (and disk files) Files (Disk

• DOS operating system is the most popular PC operating systems. Because the system is accredited to the IBM PC and compatible computers.

2 – UNIX (OS)

• Began using UNIX system) (1969 to large appliances) Minif ((MINICOMPUTER)) and has been modified to work on personal computers (PC.Compute)

It is considered the most powerful operating systems since it depends on the hashing programs to separate small programs which facilitates the separation of any program or add a new program.

Computer is a computer that processes data quickly and accurately, and in conformity with the instructions of their provider. The group is referred to as a computer program instructions to computer program. In other words, the computer processes the input data processing data entered in accordance with the programme already provide it to output the required data output data. Also referred to as computer output data with meaning or as information. Software writers and programmers to write software using languages for writing computer software such as BASIC and COBOL, Pascal, FORTRAN, C, c++ and Java.

The computer consists of the actual hardware components and software programs. Active ingredients include:

-CPU central processing unit (CPU) that handle data and programs.

-Memory (main storage device) that stores data and programs that are on the way for processing by the CPU.

-Data input devices input devices that provide data and computer programs, such as keyboards and mice.

-Data output devices output devices that receive the output of the computer, such as monitors and printers.

-Additional data storage hardware secondary storage devices that store data and programs for use in the future, such as hard drives hard-disk drives and floppy drives floppy-diskette drives and CD-ROM drives.

Computers are classified according to their use:

-Calculators used for specific purposes and are installed as components of equipment and machinery such as TVs and mobile phone handsets.

-Stand-alone calculators used for general purposes.

The computers are sorted by number of stand-alone users to:

-Single user computers that a single user service.

-Multi-user computers that serve multiple users

Computers are classified as autonomous as to:

-Small microcomputers, computers are small in size and intended for a single user, and include (1) laptops notebooks, also referred to as laptops and portables, and (2) personal computers personal computers (PCs), also referred to as desktops, and (3) computer workstations special potential workstations.

-Medium-sized minicomputers, calculators are medium size and multiple users and are used in medium-sized enterprises.

-Large mainframes, computers are large scale and multiple users and are used in large institutions.

-Giant supercomputers, and calculators are large in size and very high potential and multiple users and used in scientific laboratories and research laboratories.

Generally can be classified as independent computing processing capacity, from least to most are as follows:

-Laptops notebooks

-PC personal computers

-Computer workstations workstations

-Intermediate computers minicomputers

-Large computer mainframes

-Computing giant supercomputers

Computer network computer network.

Network computing is a set of computers exchange data with each other. And the computer that has the ability to send and receive data from the network computers connected to network online, if you do not have this possibility, it is not connected to the network offline. Computer networks allow users to participate in computer components in software and data. Thus, you reduce the cost and facilitate alakrad communication with each other, and improve the performance of the company. And two or more networks connected to the Internet internet configuration. And the Internet is the World Wide Web Internet world wide include millions of computers and networks